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Paul Twomey

Dr. Paul Twomey served as President and CEO of ICANN from March 2003 to June 2009. As Senior President until January 2010, he acted as advisor and assistant to new President and CEO Rod Beckstrom. Paul's background brought a balance of public/private experience to ICANN during his tenure, including numerous leadership positions in commercial enterprises, government, and in chairing ICANN's Government Advisory Committee.

Before joining ICANN, he was the founder of Argo P@cific, a high-level international advisory and investment firm that assists both Fortune 500 companies and start-up companies to build global Internet and technology businesses and strategic alliances. He is also a founder of Leagle Inc, an online legal content and community aggregation business

Prior to that, Dr. Twomey was founding Chief Executive Officer of the National Office for the Information Economy (NOIE), and the Australian federal government's Special Adviser for the Information Economy and Technology. Established in 1997, NOIE is Australia's lead Commonwealth agency for information economy issues. In his position as Special Adviser, Dr. Twomey was charged with providing strategic advice to the government on developing its information economy and technology priorities and strategies, including a National Strategy for the Information Economy. He was also Australia's representative at international fora, such as the World Trade Organisation, the OECD and APEC, to ensure that Australia's interests were promoted during the current formation of the rules and regulations of the international information economy.

During this time, Dr. Twomey was closely involved with ICANN, serving as Chair of the Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) for three years ending November 2002. In recognition of his significant role in ICANN and his international influence on Internet and e-commerce issues with foreign governments, the Australian government appointed him its Special Representative for the Internet and ICANN.

Prior to his appointment as CEO of NOIE, Dr. Twomey was Executive General Manager, Europe, of Austrade – the Australian Trade Commission. As the leader of Austrade's Global Information Technology and Telecommunications Network, he assisted Australia's IT&T firms to market their products and services to key European, American and Asian markets.

From 1994 to 1997, Dr. Twomey was the Executive General Manager of Strategic Development for Austrade and was responsible for the development of corporate strategy, business process and operational management within Austrade. Dr. Twomey was the author of the influential study: Austrade scenarios for the Australian trading environment. This study, released early in 1997 outlined inter alia, implications for Australian exports of an East Asian economic collapse. The study was influential to Australian government policy reactions to the Asian financial crisis in late 1997-98.

Prior to this, Dr. Twomey was a consultant with global management consultancy McKinsey & Company. In this role he advised major corporations primarily from the telecommunications financial service and tourism sectors in Australia, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong. Earlier he served as a Research Officer with an international refugee organization.

Dr Twomey is a Board member of the Atlantic Council of the United States; the founding Chair of the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on the Future of the Internet; and a member of the Advisory Board of the United Nations’ Digital He@lth Initiative.

Widely published in academic and popular journals, Dr. Twomey has contributed to books on industry policy, foreign and defence policy, and development issues. He holds a Bachelor of Arts (First Class Honors) from the University of Queensland, a Master of Arts (Political Science and International Relations) from Pennsylvania State University and a PhD in International Relations from the University of Cambridge.

Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."