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联合国《全球数字契约》进程的重要启示

2024 年 10 月 4 日
作者：
Veni Markovski

Veni Markovski

VP, Government Engagement - UN NY

Veni Markovski is based in New York, and is responsible for the relations with the United Nations, the UN Agencies in New York, and the Permanent Missions to the United Nations.

Veni Markovski has graduated law, but before that, back in September 1990 he started his work on the Internet, as a system operator of the first Sofia-based bulletin-board system, part of FidoNet.
In 1993 Mr. Markovski formed with another of the Bulgarian Internet pioneers, Mr. Dimitar Ganchev, their company - bol.bg, the first commercial Internet service provider in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. Veni Markovski was President and CEO of bol.bg for nine years. The two owners sold the company successfully in 2008 to an international investment fund
In 1995 he co-founded the Bulgarian Internet Society, a non-profit, of which he serves as President and chairman of the Board.
In March 2002 Mr. Markovski was appointed as Chairman of the Bulgarian President's IT Advisory Council, a position he held until the President stepped down from office at the end of his second term on January 22, 2012.
In 2005 he was invited to be the senior international projects adviser to the chairman of the governmental Agency for Information Technologies and communications, a position that he held until 2009. He was also adviser to the Bulgarian national cybersecurity coordinator from 2009 till 2013.

Since the beginning of his career, Veni has been involved in different international organizations and programs on different levels - as project manager, adviser, senior adviser, advocate for policy changes, mediator, board member, etc. He has served on the Boards of CPSR, ISOC, ICANN, among others.
Widely recognized as a computer geek and expert in cyber, Mr. Markovski is a frequent speaker at international conferences, and is often being approached for advice by companies, organizations, and governments.

2024 年 9 月 22 日，联合国 (United Nations, U.N.) 大会通过了《全球数字契约》(Global Digital Compact, GDC)，作为《未来契约》的一份附件。《未来契约》涉及数字空间以外的一系列主题，例如：可持续发展、国际和平与安全。

在互联网治理问题上，通过强化关键原则，《全球数字契约》的部分内容与互联网治理多利益相关方模型参与者的立场保持一致。这是一个积极的发展。这些原则包括承认“互联网治理必须从本质上来说持续具有全球性和多利益相关方的特性”，所有利益相关方都应充分参与，互联网“必须是开放、全球、互操作、稳定且安全的。”此外，这份契约还支持互联网治理论坛 (Internet Governance Forum, IGF)，并承认技术社群是一个独特的利益相关方。

《全球数字契约》承诺促进“所有利益相关方之间的国际合作”，以应对互联网碎片化的风险，这可以被理解为与 ICANN 正在进行的努力保持一致，即通过该组织维护互联网唯一标识符系统的稳定和安全运行这一使命，以确保全球互联网的统一性和凝聚力。目前尚不清楚这种合作是否会进行，或者以何种形式进行。然而，IGF 上的许多研讨会和场次都专注于互联网碎片化问题。

ICANN 在通过 ICANN WSIS+20 外联网组织的多次网络研讨会上均讨论了《全球数字契约》的进程及其文本修订。去年，我们发布了一篇博文，回应联合国秘书长及其技术特使的声明。而这些声明声称技术社群属于公民社会。该博文得到了亚太互联网络信息中心 (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre, APNIC) 和美洲互联网号码注册管理机构 (American Registry for Internet Numbers, ARIN) 的大力支持。技术社群现在已被正式认可为《全球数字契约》中一个独特利益相关方。此外，ICANN 还为联合国驻纽约和日内瓦的外交官们组织并共同主持了信息简报会，就互联网的职能、国际化域名在域名空间发展中扮演的角色，以及其他相关话题提供了见解。

《全球数字契约》进程持续了近两年，期间召开了多次正式会议和非正式磋商。尽管共同协调人努力让多样的利益相关方参与其中，但联合国大会的程序规则严重限制了这些尝试。 因此，由于缺乏录音、文稿记录甚至笔记，参与互联网发展的知名组织和个人提供的宝贵反馈意见反而被遗失了。

《全球数字契约》共进行了五次修订，但每次都遭到联合国会员国的反对，从而导致长时间闭门讨论和谈判。回顾《全球数字契约》的进程，该进程凸显了联合国多边谈判的局限性。

至关重要的是，我们应从《全球数字契约》进程中汲取教训，避免在即将于 2025 年在联合国举行的信息社会世界峰会 20 年审查 (WSIS+20) 中重复这一进程。各国政府可能会发现，在 WSIS+20 审查中促进所有利益相关方的包容性和有意义的参与，将有助于编写一份能够捕捉多种想法和观点的成果文件，从而有助于以更全面、更平衡的方式进行互联网治理。

实现有意义的多样参与需要积极主动的努力。在汲取了《全球数字契约》进程的教训后，ICANN 鼓励那些参与 ICANN 支持组织和咨询委员会的实体，以及更广泛的互联网社群积极与其所在国家的政府合作。通过提供主题问题专家作为代表参加联合国谈判，或至少协助制定国家对 WSIS+20 审查的立场，利益相关方们可以在这个过程中发挥至关重要的作用。他们的参与将有助于确保 WSIS+20 成果文件反映多样的观点，这对于维护一个统一、全球、互操作、稳定和安全的互联网至关重要。

ICANN 的政府和国际政府间组织合作团队将继续与 ICANN 社群的所有相关方进行互动，同时还将与纽约联合国总部、日内瓦和各国首都的外交官们密切合作，以支持这项工作。

Authors

Veni Markovski

Veni Markovski

VP, Government Engagement - UN NY
Veni Markovski

Veni Markovski

VP, Government Engagement - UN NY

Veni Markovski is based in New York, and is responsible for the relations with the United Nations, the UN Agencies in New York, and the Permanent Missions to the United Nations.

Veni Markovski has graduated law, but before that, back in September 1990 he started his work on the Internet, as a system operator of the first Sofia-based bulletin-board system, part of FidoNet.
In 1993 Mr. Markovski formed with another of the Bulgarian Internet pioneers, Mr. Dimitar Ganchev, their company - bol.bg, the first commercial Internet service provider in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. Veni Markovski was President and CEO of bol.bg for nine years. The two owners sold the company successfully in 2008 to an international investment fund
In 1995 he co-founded the Bulgarian Internet Society, a non-profit, of which he serves as President and chairman of the Board.
In March 2002 Mr. Markovski was appointed as Chairman of the Bulgarian President's IT Advisory Council, a position he held until the President stepped down from office at the end of his second term on January 22, 2012.
In 2005 he was invited to be the senior international projects adviser to the chairman of the governmental Agency for Information Technologies and communications, a position that he held until 2009. He was also adviser to the Bulgarian national cybersecurity coordinator from 2009 till 2013.

Since the beginning of his career, Veni has been involved in different international organizations and programs on different levels - as project manager, adviser, senior adviser, advocate for policy changes, mediator, board member, etc. He has served on the Boards of CPSR, ISOC, ICANN, among others.
Widely recognized as a computer geek and expert in cyber, Mr. Markovski is a frequent speaker at international conferences, and is often being approached for advice by companies, organizations, and governments.

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