Root Zone LGR for script und-Orya (Oriya) lgr-3-Oriya-Script-25apr19-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date 2019-04-25
LGR Version 3
Language und-Orya
Scope domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version 6.3.0

Table of Contents

1 Description

Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Oriya Script

Overview

This file contains Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Oriya script for the Root zone. For more details on this LGR and its development, see "Proposal for an Oriya Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)" [Proposal]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

Repertoire

According to Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal], the Oriya LGR contains 62 unique code points." This repertoire covers the Oriya language as well as all other languages written with the Oriya script and ranging from 1 to 4 on the [EGIDS] scale.

The repertoire is based on [MSR-4], which is a subset of [Unicode 6.3].

Code points outside the Oriya script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type "out-of-repertoire-var". They do not form part of the repertoire.

Each code point is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, a category value, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see "References" below. Comments provide alternate names of some code points.

Variants

According to Section 6, "Variants", in [Proposal], this LGR defines two sets of cross-script variants with the Myanmar script and no in-script variants.

Variant Disposition: All variants are of type “blocked”, making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent label should be blocked. There is no preference among these variants.

This LGR does not define allocatable variants.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Character Classes

The basic characters in Oriya are classified into eight main categories. They are Consonants, Vowels, Matra, Halant, Nukta, Visarga, Candrabindu and Anusvara.

Consonants: The Oriya script is a syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel. More details in Section 3.5, "Structured consonants" and Section 3.6, "Unstructured consonants" of the [Proposal].

Vowels and Matras: A dependent vowel sign or "matra" is used to represent a vowel sound that is not inherent to the consonant. It is always depicted in combination with a single consonant, or with a consonant cluster. When vowels occur independently the are written with standalone vowel letters. More details in Section 3.12, "Matra sign (Dependent Vowel)" of the [Proposal].

Halant: A Halant, also known as Virama, is used after a consonant to "strip" it of its inherent vowel. The Halant form of a consonant is the form produced by adding the Halant, encoded as U+0B4D ( ୍ ) ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA to the nominal shape. A Halant follows all but the last consonant in every Oriya syllable. More details in Section 3.7, "The Implicit Vowel Killer Halant" of the [Proposal].

Nukta: The nukta sign ( ଼ ) is used in the Oriya language just like in many other scripts used in South Asia. It can be commonly used with U+0B21 ( ଡ ), U+0B22 ( ଢ ). More details in Section 3.8, "Nukta" of the [Proposal].

Visarga: U+0B03 (ଃ) ORIYA SIGN VISARGA is frequently used in Sanskrit and represents a sound very close to /h/. More details in Section 3.9, "Visarga & Avagraha" of the [Proposal].

Nasalization:

Candrabindu: The Candrabindu denotes nasalization of the preceding vowel and consonants as in ଅଁଳା /ãala/name of seasonal fruit (U+0B05 U+0B01 U+0B33 U+0B3E). Oriya users commonly use it for writing the words and sounds of Sanskrit. More details in Section 3.10, "Nasalization: Candrabindu" of the [Proposal].

Anusvara: Anusvara replaces a conjunct group of a Nasal Consonant+Halant+Consonant belonging to a particular varga (plosive). The Anusvara represents a homorganic nasal. Before a non-varga consonant (non-plosive) the Anusvara represents a nasal sound. More details in Section 3.11, "Anusvara" of the [Proposal].

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-4]. They are marked with ⍟. The default prohibition on leading combining marks is equivalent to ensuring that a label only starts with a consonant or vowel.

Oriya-specific Rules

These rules have been formulated so that they can be adopted for LGR specification.

The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
H → Halant
N → Nukta
C1 → Consonants used with Nukta
X → Visarga
D → Candrabindu

The rules are:

More details in Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" of the [Proposal].

Methodology and Contributors

The LGR for the Oriya script was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP) the members of which have experience in linguistics and computational linguistics in a wide variety of languages written with Neo-Brahmi scripts. Under the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, there are nine scripts belonging to separate Unicode blocks. Each of these scripts has been assigned a separate LGR, with the Neo-Brahmi GP ensuring that the fundamental philosophy behind building each LGR is in sync with all other Brahmi derived scripts. For further details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 of [Proposal].

References

References [0] to [6] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which corresponding code points were initially encoded. Reference [101] and up correspond to sources given in [Proposal] for justifying the inclusion of for the corresponding code points. Single code point or ranges may have multiple source reference values.

In addition, the following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,
https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status
(Accessed on 13 Nov. 2017)
[MSR-4]
Integration Panel, "Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-4 Overview and Rationale", 7 February 2019,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-4-overview-25jan19-en.pdf
[Proposal]
Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, "Proposal for an Oriya Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-set ", 6 March 2019,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-oriya-lgr-06mar19-en.pdf
[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, "Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML", RFC 7940, August 2016,
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940.
[RFC 8228]
A. Freytag, "Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels", RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[Unicode 6.3]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/

For more details for references [101] and up and [0] and up refer to the Table of References below.

2 Repertoire

Summary

Number of elements in Repertoire 62
Out of repertoire variants 3
Total entries in table 65
Number of code points
for each script
Malayalam 1
Myanmar 2
Oriya 62
Longest code point sequence 1

Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code
Point
Glyph Script Name Ref Tags Required Context Part of
Repertoire
Variants Comment
U+0B01 Oriya ORIYA SIGN CANDRABINDU [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Candrabindu follows-V-C-N-or-M    
U+0B02 Oriya ORIYA SIGN ANUSVARA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Anusvara follows-V-C-N-or-M    
U+0B03 Oriya ORIYA SIGN VISARGA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Visarga follows-V-C-N-or-M    
U+0B05 Oriya ORIYA LETTER A [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B06 Oriya ORIYA LETTER AA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B07 Oriya ORIYA LETTER I [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B08 Oriya ORIYA LETTER II [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B09 Oriya ORIYA LETTER U [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B0A Oriya ORIYA LETTER UU [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B0B Oriya ORIYA LETTER VOCALIC R [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B0F Oriya ORIYA LETTER E [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B10 Oriya ORIYA LETTER AI [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B13 Oriya ORIYA LETTER O [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B14 Oriya ORIYA LETTER AU [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Vowel      
U+0B15 Oriya ORIYA LETTER KA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B16 Oriya ORIYA LETTER KHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B17 Oriya ORIYA LETTER GA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B18 Oriya ORIYA LETTER GHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B19 Oriya ORIYA LETTER NGA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B1A Oriya ORIYA LETTER CA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B1B Oriya ORIYA LETTER CHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B1C Oriya ORIYA LETTER JA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B1D Oriya ORIYA LETTER JHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B1E Oriya ORIYA LETTER NYA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B1F Oriya ORIYA LETTER TTA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B20 Oriya ORIYA LETTER TTHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant   set 1  
U+0B21 Oriya ORIYA LETTER DDA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] C1, Consonant      
U+0B22 Oriya ORIYA LETTER DDHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] C1, Consonant      
U+0B23 Oriya ORIYA LETTER NNA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B24 Oriya ORIYA LETTER TA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B25 Oriya ORIYA LETTER THA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B26 Oriya ORIYA LETTER DA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B27 Oriya ORIYA LETTER DHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B28 Oriya ORIYA LETTER NA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B2A Oriya ORIYA LETTER PA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B2B Oriya ORIYA LETTER PHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B2C Oriya ORIYA LETTER BA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B2D Oriya ORIYA LETTER BHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B2E Oriya ORIYA LETTER MA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B2F Oriya ORIYA LETTER YA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B30 Oriya ORIYA LETTER RA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B32 Oriya ORIYA LETTER LA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B33 Oriya ORIYA LETTER LLA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B36 Oriya ORIYA LETTER SHA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B37 Oriya ORIYA LETTER SSA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B38 Oriya ORIYA LETTER SA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B39 Oriya ORIYA LETTER HA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B3C Oriya ORIYA SIGN NUKTA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Nukta follows-C1    
U+0B3E Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B3F ି Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN I [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B40 Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN II [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B41 Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN U [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B42 Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN UU [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B43 Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B47 Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN E [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N set 2  
U+0B48 Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AI [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B4B Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN O [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B4C Oriya ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AU [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B4D Oriya ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Halant follows-C-or-N   = pulli
U+0B56 Oriya ORIYA AI LENGTH MARK [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Matra follows-C-or-N    
U+0B5F Oriya ORIYA LETTER YYA [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0B71 Oriya ORIYA LETTER WA [6], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] Consonant      
U+0D20 Malayalam MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA       set 1 Not part of repertoire
U+101D Myanmar MYANMAR LETTER WA       set 1 Not part of repertoire
U+1031 Myanmar MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E       set 2 Not part of repertoire

Legend

Code Point
A code point or code point sequence.
Name
Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by "+".
Glyph
The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
Ref
Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
Required Context
Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by "not:" identifies a context that must not occur.
Variants
Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment
The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with "=" denote an alias.
✔ - core repertoire
A check mark in the Part-of-Repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
✗ - out-of-repertoire
A code point shown with is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.

3 Variant Sets

Summary

Number of variant sets 2
Largest variant set 3
Ordinary Variants by Type
blocked 8
Reflexive Variants by Type
out-of-repertoire-var 3

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column, otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.

Common Legend

Source
By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target
By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph
The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- forward
Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
- reverse
Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
- both
Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
- reflexive
Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type
The type of the variant mapping. There are some predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”, while others are defined specifically for each LGR. A reflexive variant type "out-of-repertoire-var" designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries.
Ref
One or more reference IDs (optional). A "/" separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment
A descriptive comment (optional). A "/" separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

Variant Set 1 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0B20 0D20 blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0B20 101D blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0D20 0D20 out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0D20 101D blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
101D 101D out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 2 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0B47 1031 blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
1031 1031 out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

4 Classes, Rules and Actions

4.1 Character Classes

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name Definition Count Members or Ranges Ref Comment
C Tag=Consonant 35 {0B15-0B28 0B2A-0B30 0B32-0B33 0B36-0B39 0B5F 0B71}   Any Oriya consonant
M Tag=Matra 11 {0B3E-0B43 0B47-0B48 0B4B-0B4C 0B56}   Any Oriya vowel sign
V Tag=Vowel 11 {0B05-0B0B 0B0F-0B10 0B13-0B14}   Any Oriya vowel letter
N Tag=Nukta 1 {0B3C}   The Oriya Nukta
C1 Tag=C1 2 {0B21-0B22}   Specific consonants preceding Oriya Nukta
implicit Tag=Anusvara 1 {0B02}   The character tagged as Anusvara
implicit Tag=Candrabindu 1 {0B01}   The character tagged as Candrabindu
implicit Tag=Halant 1 {0B4D}   The character tagged as Halant
implicit Tag=Visarga 1 {0B03}   The character tagged as Visarga
implicit Tag=sc:Mlym 1 {0D20}   Any character tagged as Malayalam
implicit Tag=sc:Mymr 2 {101D 1031}   Any character tagged as Myanmar
implicit Tag=sc:Orya 62 {0B01-0B03 0B05-0B0B 0B0F-0B10 0B13-0B28 0B2A-0B30 0B32-0B33 0B36-0B39 0B3C 0B3E-0B43 0B47-0B48 0B4B-0B4D 0B56 0B5F 0B71}   Any character tagged as Oriya

Legend

Members or Ranges
Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value.

4.2 Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name Regular Expression Used as
Trigger
Anchor Used as
Context
Ref Comment
leading-combining-mark (start)[[\p{gc=Mn}]∪[\p{gc=Mc}]]       Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
follows-C1 ([:C1:])← ⚓   C   Section 7, WLE 1: N must be preceded by C1
follows-V-C-N-or-M ([:V:]|[:C:]|[:N:]|[:M:])← ⚓   C   Section 7, WLE 2: B must be preceded by V, C, N or M; WLE 3: X must be preceded by V, C, N or M; WLE 4: D must be preceded by V, C, N or M
follows-C-or-N ([:C:]|[:N:])← ⚓   C   Section 7, WLE 5: H must be preceded by C or N; WLE 6: M must be preceded by C or N

Legend

Used as Trigger
This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓ - context anchor
Placeholder for the actual code point, when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(... | ...) - choice
When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
(start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
[: :] - named or implicit character set
Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading "^" before name or tag indicates the set complement.
[\p{ }] - property character set
Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase "\P" defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
Sets may be combined by set operators ( = union, = intersection, = difference, = symmetric difference).
⍟ - default rule
Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

4.3 Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# Condition Rule / Variant Set   Disposition Ref Comment
1 if label matches leading-combining-mark invalid   labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 if at least one variant is in {out-of-repertoire-var} invalid   any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3 if at least one variant is in {blocked} blocked   any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
4 if each variant is in {allocatable} allocatable   variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
5 if any label (catch-all)   valid   catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
In the "Rule/Variant Set" column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

5 Table of References

[0] The Unicode Standard 1.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[6] The Unicode Standard 4.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 4.0
[101] Omniglot, "Oriya"
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/oriya.htm
[102] Wikipedia, "Odia (Oriya) alphabet"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_alphabet
[103] Wikipedia. "Odia language"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language
[104] Wikipedia, "Oriya (Unicode block)"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_(Unicode_block
[105] Odisha State Govt. Primary School Grade 1 e-book “HasaKhela”: by Odisha Primary Education Programme Authority
http://opepa.odisha.gov.in/website/Download/e-Text-Book/CLass%20I/Hasa%20Khela%20Part%20II/Haso%20Khelo-II-Page-112.pdf