Root Zone LGR for script und-Arab (Arabic)

This document is mechanically formatted from the XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date	2017-06-01
LGR Version	2
Language	und-Arab
Scope	domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version	6.3.0

Description

Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset for the Arabic Script

Overview

This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for Arabic as would be appropriate for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and its development see TF-AIDN, "Proposal for Arabic Script Root Zone LGR", Version 3.4, 18 November 2015 [Proposal]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

Repertoire

The repertoire is described in Section 3.2 of [Proposal] and only includes the 128 code points used by languages that are actively written in the Arabic script. It excludes code points for which TF-AIDN was unable to find sufficient evidence of use (see Appendix F in [Proposal]). The repertoire is based on [MSR-2], which is a subset of Unicode 6.3 [Unicode 6.3].

This LGR does not include combining marks or code point sequences. All combining marks have been excluded for these reasons:

First, they can significantly overproduce and would require additional rules to contain them effectively, complicating the design.
Second, even where they are required for some languages, they are optional for others.
Third, this also circumvents the issue regarding duplication between some precomposed code points and combining sequences raised by [IAB].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

For further details, see Section 3.2 "Code point repertoire included", in [Proposal].

Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see "References" below.

Variants

This LGR includes "blocked" and "allocatable" variants, assigned according to Section 4 "Final recommendation of variants for Top Level Domains (TLDs)" in [Proposal]. These recommendations balance the desire to minimize the number of possible allocatable variants with the need to keep the definition of variants simple. See also the comments given in the listing.

Character Classes

This proposal does not define named character classes.

Whole Label Evaluations Rules

This LGR includes Whole Label Evaluation rules specific to the Arabic script. See Section 5 "Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) rules", in [Proposal]. As specified, the rules serve to prevent the mixing of two variants of the same code point within the same label. This has the effect of reducing overproduction of variant labels. They are listed here with the numbers given in Table 17 in [Proposal]. See also the comments given for each rule or action.

no-mix-kaf-keheh — WLE Rule 1: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and KEHEH in the same label
no-mix-kaf-swash — WLE Rule 2: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and SWASH KAF in the same label
no-mix-alef-maksura-farsi-yeh — WLE Rule 3: do not mix Arabic letters ALEF MAKSURA and FARSI YEH in the same label
no-mix-heh-goal — WLE Rule 4: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label
no-mix-heh-goal-ae — WLE Rule 5: do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label
no-mix-heh-ae — WLE Rule 6: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label
no-mix-heh-doachashmee — WLE Rule 7: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label
no-mix-teh-marbuta-goal — WLE Rule 8: do not mix Arabic letters TEH MARBUTA and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below — WLE Rule 9: do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label
no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 10: do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below — WLE 11:do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above — WLE Rule 12: do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above — WLE Rule 13: do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf — WLE Rule 14: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label
no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 15: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 16: do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-2]. They are marked with ⍟.

Methodology and Contributors

The proposal for an Arabic Script Root Zone LGR [Proposal] that this LGR is based on, was developed by the Task Force for Arabic Script IDNs [TF-AIDN], based on multiple open public consultations.

For more information and for methodology and contributors see [Proposal].

References

In the listing of the repertoire, references [0] to [12] refer to Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [100] and above correspond to sources justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Single code point or ranges may have multiple source reference values.

In addition the following references are cited in this document:

[IAB]: Internet Architecture Board (IAB), "IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0"
https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/
[MSR-2]: Integration Panel, "Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-2 Overview and Rationale", 14 April 2015
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-2-overview-14apr15-en.pdf
[Proposal]: TF-AIDN, "Proposal for Arabic Script Root Zone LGR", Version 3.4, 18 November 2015
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/arabic-lgr-proposal-18nov15-en.pdf
[RFC 6365]: Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365, DOI 10.17487/RFC6365, September 2011,
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365.
[RFC 7940]: Davies, K. and A. Freytag, "Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML", RFC 7940, August 2016,
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940.
[Unicode 6.3]: The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/
[TF-AIDN]: Blog, "Task Force for Arabic Script IDNs"
https://www.icann.org/news/blog/what-is-the-task-force-on-arabic-script-idns-tf-aidn-up-to

For more details for references [100] and up and [0] and up refer to the Table of References below.

Repertoire

Summary

Number of elements in Repertoire	128
Longest code point sequence	1

Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point	Glyph	Script	Name	References	Variants	Comment
U+0620	ؠ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KASHMIRI YEH	[11], [115]		Kashmiri
U+0621	ء	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HAMZA	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0622	آ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE	[0], [100]	set 1	Arabic
U+0623	أ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE	[0], [100]	set 1	Arabic
U+0624	ؤ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE	[0], [100]	set 2	Arabic
U+0625	إ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW	[0], [100]	set 1	Arabic
U+0626	ئ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE	[0], [100]	set 3	Arabic
U+0627	ا	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ALEF	[0], [100]	set 1	Arabic
U+0628	ب	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEH	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0629	ة	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA	[0], [100]	set 4	Arabic
U+062A	ت	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TEH	[0], [100]	set 5	Arabic
U+062B	ث	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER THEH	[0], [100]	set 6	Arabic
U+062C	ج	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER JEEM	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+062D	ح	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HAH	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+062E	خ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KHAH	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+062F	د	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAL	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0630	ذ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER THAL	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0631	ر	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0632	ز	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ZAIN	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0633	س	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER SEEN	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0634	ش	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER SHEEN	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0635	ص	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER SAD	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0636	ض	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAD	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0637	ط	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TAH	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0638	ظ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ZAH	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0639	ع	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER AIN	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+063A	غ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER GHAIN	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0641	ف	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER FEH	[0], [100]	set 7	Arabic
U+0642	ق	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER QAF	[0], [100]	set 7	Arabic
U+0643	ك	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KAF	[0], [100]	set 8	Arabic
U+0644	ل	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER LAM	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0645	م	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER MEEM	[0], [100]		Arabic
U+0646	ن	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NOON	[0], [100]	set 9	Arabic
U+0647	ه	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HEH	[0], [100]	set 4	Arabic
U+0648	و	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER WAW	[0], [100]	set 2	Arabic
U+0649	ى	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA	[0], [100]	set 3	Arabic
U+064A	ي	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH	[0], [100]	set 3	Arabic
U+0672	ٲ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE	[0], [102]	set 1	Kashmiri
U+0679	ٹ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TTEH	[0], [112]	set 10	Urdu
U+067A	ٺ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TTEHEH	[0], [111]	set 5	Sindhi
U+067B	ٻ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEEH	[0], [111]	set 3	Sindhi
U+067C	ټ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH RING	[0], [108]		Pashto
U+067D	ٽ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS	[0], [111]	set 6	Sindhi
U+067E	پ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER PEH	[0], [109]	set 11	Persian
U+067F	ٿ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TEHEH	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+0680	ڀ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEHEH	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+0681	ځ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH HAMZA ABOVE	[0], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+0683	ڃ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NYEH	[0], [111]	set 12	Sindhi
U+0684	ڄ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DYEH	[0], [111]	set 12	Sindhi
U+0685	څ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[0], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+0686	چ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TCHEH	[0], [109]		Persian
U+0687	ڇ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TCHEHEH	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+0688	ڈ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DDAL	[0], [112]		Urdu
U+0689	ډ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING	[0], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+068A	ڊ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+068B	ڋ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW AND SMALL TAH	[0], [110], [139]		Saraiki
U+068C	ڌ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAHAL	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+068D	ڍ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DDAHAL	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+068E	ڎ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DUL	[0], [137]	set 13	Malay
U+068F	ڏ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS	[0], [111]	set 13	Sindhi
U+0691	ڑ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER RREH	[0], [112]		Urdu
U+0693	ړ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING	[0], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+0695	ڕ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V BELOW	[0], [106], [140]		Kurdish
U+0696	ږ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE	[0], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+0697	ڗ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE	[0], [119], [146]		ANT
U+0698	ژ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER JEH	[0], [112]		Urdu
U+0699	ڙ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE	[0], [111], [143]		Sindhi, Torwali
U+069A	ښ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE	[0], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+069F	ڟ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[0], [121], [123], [130]		Hausa, Ajami
U+06A0	ڠ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[0], [107], [129], [144]		Malay
U+06A2	ڢ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW	[0], [101], [130], [131], [132]	set 7	Ajami, Fulfulde, Hausa
U+06A4	ڤ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER VEH	[0], [106], [107], [127], [140]	set 14	Malay, Kurdish
U+06A6	ڦ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER PEHEH	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+06A7	ڧ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE	[0], [101], [130], [131], [132]	set 7	Ajami, Fulfulde, Hausa
U+06A8	ڨ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[0], [124]	set 14	Western Arabic
U+06A9	ک	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KEHEH	[0], [112]	set 8	Urdu
U+06AA	ڪ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER SWASH KAF	[0], [111]	set 8	Sindhi
U+06AB	ګ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING	[0], [108], [138]	set 15	Pashto
U+06AD	ڭ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NG	[0], [105], [114], [133], [134]	set 15	Kirghiz, Uyghur
U+06AE	ڮ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW	[0], [116]		ANT
U+06AF	گ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER GAF	[0], [109]	set 15	Persian
U+06B0	ڰ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH RING	[0], [110]		Saraiki
U+06B1	ڱ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NGOEH	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+06B3	ڳ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER GUEH	[0], [111]		Sindhi
U+06B5	ڵ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL V	[0], [106], [140]		Kurdish
U+06BA	ں	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA	[3], [112]	set 9	Urdu
U+06BB	ڻ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER RNOON	[3], [111]	set 10	Sindhi
U+06BC	ڼ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING	[3], [108], [138]		Pashto
U+06BD	ڽ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[0], [107]	set 11	Malay
U+06BE	ھ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE	[0], [112]	set 4	Urdu
U+06C0	ۀ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE	[0], [116], [140]	set 4	ANT, Kurdish
U+06C1	ہ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL	[0], [112]	set 4	Urdu
U+06C2	ۂ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE	[0], [125], [135], [141]	set 4	Urdu
U+06C3	ۃ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL	[0], [126]	set 4	Urdu
U+06C4	ۄ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING	[0], [102]		Kashmiri
U+06C6	ۆ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER OE	[0], [102], [140], [142]		Kashmiri, Kurdish, Uyghur
U+06CB	ۋ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER VE	[0], [103], [114], [136]		Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uyghur
U+06CC	ی	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH	[0], [112]	set 3	Urdu
U+06CD	ۍ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TAIL	[0], [108], [138]	set 3	Pashto
U+06CE	ێ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH SMALL V	[0], [127], [140]		Kurdish
U+06CF	ۏ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH DOT ABOVE	[3], [107]		Malay
U+06D0	ې	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER E	[0], [108], [138]	set 3	Pashto
U+06D1	ۑ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW	[0], [122]	set 11	Bamana, Mandika
U+06D2	ے	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE	[0], [112]	set 3	Urdu
U+06D5	ە	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER AE	[0], [106], [114], [140]	set 4	Kurdish, Uyghur
U+0751	ݑ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE	[7], [121], [128], [130], [147]		Hausa, Wolof
U+0752	ݒ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW	[7], [113], [130]	set 11	Ajami, Wolof
U+0756	ݖ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V	[7], [113], [120], [130]		Ajami, Wolof
U+0760	ݠ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW	[7], [121], [130]		Ajami, Hausa
U+0762	ݢ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE	[7], [118], [129]		Malay
U+0763	ݣ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[7], [118]	set 15	Moroccan
U+0766	ݦ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT BELOW	[7], [116], [121]		ANT
U+0767	ݧ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH TWO DOTS BELOW	[7], [113], [120]	set 16	Wolof
U+0768	ݨ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL TAH	[7], [145]		Saraiki
U+076A	ݪ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH BAR	[7], [113], [116], [120]		ANT, Wolof
U+076E	ݮ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH BELOW	[9], [104]		Khowar
U+076F	ݯ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS	[9], [104]		Khowar
U+0770	ݰ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS	[9], [104]		Khowar
U+0771	ݱ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS	[9], [104]		Khowar
U+08A0	ࢠ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V BELOW	[12], [117]		DPLN
U+08A2	ࢢ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER JEEM WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE	[12], [117]		DPLN
U+08A3	ࢣ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE	[12], [113], [117]		DPLN, Wolof
U+08A4	ࢤ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE	[12], [116]		ANT
U+08A5	ࢥ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT BELOW	[12], [116]		ANT
U+08A6	ࢦ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH DOUBLE BAR	[12], [116]		ANT
U+08A7	ࢧ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE	[12], [116]		ANT
U+08A8	ࢨ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND HAMZA ABOVE	[12], [121]		Hausa
U+08A9	ࢩ	Arabic	ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND DOT ABOVE	[12], [121]	set 16	Hausa

Legend

Code Point: A code point or code point sequence.
Name: Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Glyph: The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script: Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
References: Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Variants: A link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment: If the comment in this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view.

Variant Sets

Summary

Number of variant sets	16
Largest variant set	8
Ordinary Variants by Type	allocatable (26) blocked (166)
Reflexive Variants by Type

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type(s) column, otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references are listed above one another.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.

Common Legend

Source: By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target: By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph: The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
→ - forward: Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
← - reverse: Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
↔ - both: Indicates that variant Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
Type: The type of the variant mapping. There are some predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”, while others are defined specifically for each LGR.
Ref: One or more reference IDs (optional). A "/" separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment: A descriptive comment (optional). A "/" separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

Variant Set 1 — 5 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Comment
0622	آ	0623	أ	↔	blocked
0622	آ	0625	إ	↔	blocked
0622	آ	0627	ا	→	allocatable	U+0622 (آ) ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 (ا) ALEF in the Arabic language
0622	آ	0627	ا	←	blocked
0622	آ	0672	ٲ	↔	blocked
0623	أ	0625	إ	↔	blocked
0623	أ	0627	ا	→	allocatable	U+0623 (أ) ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 (ا) ALEF in the Arabic language
0623	أ	0627	ا	←	blocked
0623	أ	0672	ٲ	↔	blocked
0625	إ	0627	ا	→	allocatable	U+0625 (إ) ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW is simplified to U+0627 (ا) ALEF in the Arabic language
0625	إ	0627	ا	←	blocked
0625	إ	0672	ٲ	↔	blocked
0627	ا	0672	ٲ	→	blocked
0627	ا	0672	ٲ	←	allocatable	U+0672 (ٲ) ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 (ا) ALEF in the Kashmiri language

Variant Set 2 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
0624	ؤ	0648	و	→	allocatable		U+0624 (ؤ) WAV WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0648 (و) WAV in the Arabic language
0624	ؤ	0648	و	←	blocked

Variant Set 3 — 8 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Comment
0626	ئ	0649	ى	↔	blocked
0626	ئ	064A	ي	↔	blocked
0626	ئ	067B	ٻ	↔	blocked
0626	ئ	06CC	ی	↔	blocked
0626	ئ	06CD	ۍ	↔	blocked
0626	ئ	06D0	ې	↔	blocked
0626	ئ	06D2	ے	↔	blocked
0649	ى	064A	ي	↔	blocked
0649	ى	067B	ٻ	↔	blocked
0649	ى	06CC	ی	↔	blocked
0649	ى	06CD	ۍ	↔	blocked
0649	ى	06D0	ې	↔	blocked
0649	ى	06D2	ے	↔	blocked
064A	ي	067B	ٻ	↔	blocked
064A	ي	06CC	ی	↔	allocatable	The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user
064A	ي	06CD	ۍ	↔	blocked
064A	ي	06D0	ې	↔	blocked
064A	ي	06D2	ے	↔	blocked
067B	ٻ	06CC	ی	↔	blocked
067B	ٻ	06CD	ۍ	↔	blocked
067B	ٻ	06D0	ې	↔	blocked
067B	ٻ	06D2	ے	↔	blocked
06CC	ی	06CD	ۍ	↔	blocked
06CC	ی	06D0	ې	↔	blocked
06CC	ی	06D2	ے	↔	blocked
06CD	ۍ	06D0	ې	↔	blocked
06CD	ۍ	06D2	ے	↔	blocked
06D0	ې	06D2	ے	↔	blocked

Variant Set 4 — 8 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Comment
0629	ة	0647	ه	→	allocatable	In the Arabic language, U+0647 (ه) HEH may be substituted for U+0629 (ة) TEH MARBUTA. [RFC 6365]
0629	ة	0647	ه	←	blocked
0629	ة	06BE	ھ	↔	blocked
0629	ة	06C0	ۀ	↔	blocked
0629	ة	06C1	ہ	↔	blocked
0629	ة	06C2	ۂ	↔	blocked
0629	ة	06C3	ۃ	↔	allocatable	The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user. Labels in the Arabic language using U+0629 (ة) TEH MARBUTA in the final and isolated positions will be typed in other languages using U+06C3 (ۃ) TEH MARBUTA GOAL (Urdu, etc.) which is identical in isolated and has a variant glyph or identical glyph form in final position
0629	ة	06D5	ە	↔	blocked
0647	ه	06BE	ھ	↔	blocked
0647	ه	06C0	ۀ	↔	blocked
0647	ه	06C1	ہ	↔	allocatable	Labels in the Arabic language using U+0647 (ه) HEH in the final and isolated positions will be typed in other languages using U+06C1 (ہ) HEH GOAL (Urdu, Pashto, Saraiki, etc.) which is identical in isolated and has a variant glyph or identical glyph form in final position
0647	ه	06C2	ۂ	↔	blocked
0647	ه	06C3	ۃ	↔	blocked
0647	ه	06D5	ە	↔	blocked
06BE	ھ	06C0	ۀ	↔	blocked
06BE	ھ	06C1	ہ	↔	blocked
06BE	ھ	06C2	ۂ	↔	blocked
06BE	ھ	06C3	ۃ	↔	blocked
06BE	ھ	06D5	ە	↔	blocked
06C0	ۀ	06C1	ہ	↔	blocked
06C0	ۀ	06C2	ۂ	↔	blocked
06C0	ۀ	06C3	ۃ	↔	blocked
06C0	ۀ	06D5	ە	→	allocatable	U+06C0 (ۀ) HEH WITH YEH ABOVE is simplified to U+0647 (ه) HEH in some languages (Kurdish)
06C0	ۀ	06D5	ە	←	blocked
06C1	ہ	06C2	ۂ	→	blocked
06C1	ہ	06C2	ۂ	←	allocatable	U+06C2 (ۂ) HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+06C1 (ہ) HEH GOAL in Urdu
06C1	ہ	06C3	ۃ	↔	blocked	This is not allocatable in either direction because, unlike the allocatable relationship between U+0647 (ه) HEH and U+0629 (ة) TEH MARBUTA due to variation in the Arabic language, Urdu and other languages using U+06C1 (ہ) HEH GOAL do not exhibit such variation with U+06C3 (ۃ) TEH MARBUTA GOAL
06C1	ہ	06D5	ە	↔	blocked
06C2	ۂ	06C3	ۃ	↔	blocked
06C2	ۂ	06D5	ە	↔	blocked
06C3	ۃ	06D5	ە	↔	blocked

Variant Set 5 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
062A	ت	067A	ٺ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 6 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
062B	ث	067D	ٽ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 7 — 4 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Comment
0641	ف	0642	ق	↔	blocked
0641	ف	06A2	ڢ	↔	allocatable	Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography
0641	ف	06A7	ڧ	↔	blocked
0642	ق	06A2	ڢ	↔	blocked
0642	ق	06A7	ڧ	↔	allocatable	Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography
06A2	ڢ	06A7	ڧ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 8 — 3 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Comment
0643	ك	06A9	ک	↔	allocatable	The two have identical shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter
0643	ك	06AA	ڪ	↔	allocatable	The two have similar (interchangeable) shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter
06A9	ک	06AA	ڪ	↔	allocatable	The two have similar (interchangeable) shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter

Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
0646	ن	06BA	ں	↔	allocatable		Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography

Variant Set 10 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
0679	ٹ	06BB	ڻ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 11 — 4 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)
067E	پ	06BD	ڽ	↔	blocked
067E	پ	06D1	ۑ	↔	blocked
067E	پ	0752	ݒ	↔	blocked
06BD	ڽ	06D1	ۑ	↔	blocked
06BD	ڽ	0752	ݒ	↔	blocked
06D1	ۑ	0752	ݒ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
0683	ڃ	0684	ڄ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 13 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
068E	ڎ	068F	ڏ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 14 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
06A4	ڤ	06A8	ڨ	↔	blocked

Variant Set 15 — 4 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Comment
06AB	ګ	06AD	ڭ	↔	blocked
06AB	ګ	06AF	گ	↔	blocked	U+06AB (ګ) KAF WITH RING interchangeably used in Pashto with U+06AF (گ) GAF
06AB	ګ	0763	ݣ	↔	blocked
06AD	ڭ	06AF	گ	↔	blocked
06AD	ڭ	0763	ݣ	↔	blocked
06AF	گ	0763	ݣ	↔	blocked	Iraqi Arabic uses U+06AF (گ) GAF, whereas Moroccan Arabic uses U+0763 (ݣ) KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE

Variant Set 16 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type(s)	Ref	Comment
0767	ݧ	08A9	ࢩ	↔	blocked

Classes, Rules and Actions

Character Classes

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name	Definition	Count	Members or Ranges	Ref	Comment
implicit	Tag=sc:Arab	128 Elements:	{0620-063A 0641-064A 0672 0679-0681 0683-068F 0691 0693 0695-069A 069F-06A0 06A2 06A4 06A6-06AB ...}

Legend

Members or Ranges: Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt: A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit: An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value.

Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point. (Any use of context rules for variants is not indicated).

Name	Used as Trigger	Regular Expression	Ref	Comment
leading-combining-mark	✔	`(^[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}][∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]])`		Default WLE rule from MSR-2 matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
no-mix-kaf-keheh	✔	`(((\u0643.\u06A9)\|(\u06A9.\u0643)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 1: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and KEHEH in the same label
no-mix-kaf-swash	✔	`(((\u0643.\u06AA)\|(\u06AA.\u0643)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 2: do not mix Arabic letters KAF and SWASH KAF in the same label
no-mix-alef-maksura-farsi-yeh	✔	`(((\u0649.\u06CC)\|(\u06CC.\u0649)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 3: do not mix Arabic letters ALEF MAKSURA and FARSI YEH in the same label
no-mix-heh-goal	✔	`(((\u0647.\u06C1)\|(\u06C1.\u0647)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 4: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label
no-mix-heh-goal-ae	✔	`(((\u06C1.\u06D5)\|(\u06D5.\u06C1)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 5: do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label
no-mix-heh-ae	✔	`(((\u0647.\u06D5)\|(\u06D5.\u0647)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 6: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label
no-mix-heh-doachashmee	✔	`(((\u0647.\u06BE)\|(\u06BE.\u0647)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 7: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label
no-mix-teh-marbuta-goal	✔	`(((\u0629.\u06C3)\|(\u06C3.\u0629)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 8: do not mix Arabic letters TEH MARBUTA and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below	✔	`(((\u06BD.\u06D1)\|(\u06D1.\u06BD)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 9: do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label
no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above	✔	`(((\u067E.\u06BD)\|(\u06BD.\u067E)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 10: do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below	✔	`(((\u0641.\u06A2)\|(\u06A2.\u0641)))`	[100]	WLE 11:do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above	✔	`(((\u0642.\u06A7)\|(\u06A7.\u0642)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 12: do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above	✔	`(((\u0641.\u06A7)\|(\u06A7.\u0641)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 13: do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf	✔	`(((\u06AB.\u06AF)\|(\u06AF.\u06AB)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 14: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label
no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above	✔	`(((\u06AB.\u0763)\|(\u0763.\u06AB)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 15: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above	✔	`(((\u06AF.\u0763)\|(\u0763.\u06AF)))`	[100]	WLE Rule 16: do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label

Legend

Used as Trigger: This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context: This rule defines a required context for a code point.
Anchor: This has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression: A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in the standard notation with some extensions as noted:
[\p{ }] - property character set: A character set defined by reference to a value for a given Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. A set defined via "\P" indicates the set complement.
[&&,-,^] - set operators: Sets may be combined by set operators (&& = intersection, - = difference, ^ = symmetric difference) or concatenated (union).
∅= - empty set: Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
⍟ - default rule: Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels, based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

#	Condition	Rule / Variant Set		Disposition	Comment
1	if label matches	leading-combining-mark	→	invalid	labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2	if at least one variant is in	{out-of-repertoire-var}	→	invalid	any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3	if label matches	no-mix-kaf-keheh	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters KAF and KEHEH in the same label
4	if label matches	no-mix-kaf-swash	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters KAF and SWASH KAF in the same label
5	if label matches	no-mix-alef-maksura-farsi-yeh	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters ALEF MAKSURA and FARSI YEH in the same label
6	if label matches	no-mix-heh-goal	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label
7	if label matches	no-mix-heh-goal-ae	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label
8	if label matches	no-mix-heh-ae	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label
9	if label matches	no-mix-heh-doachashmee	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label
10	if label matches	no-mix-teh-marbuta-goal	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters TEH MARBUTA and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
11	if label matches	no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label
12	if label matches	no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
13	if label matches	no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
14	if label matches	no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
15	if label matches	no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
16	if label matches	no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label
17	if label matches	no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
18	if label matches	no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above	→	invalid	do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
19	if at least one variant is in	{blocked}	→	blocked	any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
20	if each variant is in	{allocatable}	→	allocatable	variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
21	if any label (catch-all)		→	valid	catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set: In the "Rule/Variant Set" column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action: Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: out-of-repertoire-var. This is not necessarily an error.

Table of References

[0]	The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[3]	The Unicode Standard 3.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 3,0
[7]	The Unicode Standard 4.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 4.1
[9]	The Unicode Standard 5.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.1
[11]	The Unicode Standard 6.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 6.0
[12]	The Unicode Standard 6.1
[100]	RFC 5564 Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of the Arabic Language in Internet Domains https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5564
[101]	Omniglot Hausa http://omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm
[102]	Omniglot Kashmiri http://omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm
[103]	Omniglot Kazakh http://omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm
[104]	Omniglot Khowar http://omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm
[105]	Omniglot Kirghiz http://omniglot.com/writing/kirghiz.htm
[106]	Omniglot Kurdish http://omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm
[107]	Omniglot Malay http://omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm
[108]	Omniglot Pashto http://omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm
[109]	Omniglot Persian(Farsi) http://omniglot.com/writing/persian.htm
[110]	Omniglot Saraiki http://omniglot.com/writing/saraiki.htm
[111]	Omniglot Sindhi http://omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm
[112]	Omniglot Urdu http://omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm
[113]	Omniglot Wolof http://omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm
[114]	Omniglot Uyghur http://omniglot.com/writing/Uyghur.htm
[115]	Unicode, Kashmiri, Yeh http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09215-kashmiri.pdf
[116]	Unicode, Chad ANT, pp. 19-20 http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf
[117]	Unicode, DPLN, p.21 http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf
[118]	Unicode, Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF, http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03176-gafs.pdf
[119]	Unicode, Chadian, p.5 http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf
[120]	Wolof, Paul Timothy http://paul-timothy.net/pages/ajamisenegal/primers/je_sais_le_wolofal_harmattan_20-oct-2015_a4.pdf
[121]	Hausa, pp. 261-289 Warren-Rothlin, Andy (2014): West African scripts and Arabic-script orthographies in socio-political context. Meikal Mumin, Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Eds.): The Arabic script in Africa. Studies in the use of a writing system. Leiden, Boston: Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 71)
[122]	Mandika, Bamana, pp. 225-260 Vydrin, Valentin Feodos'evich; Dumestre, Gérard (2014): Manding Ajami samples. In Meikal Mumin, Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Eds.): The Arabic script in Africa. Studies in the use of a writing system. Leiden, Boston: Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 71)
[123]	Ethiopian, Wetter, Andreas (2006): Arabic in Ethiopia. In Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Volume I. A-Ed, vol. 2. With assistance of Mushira Eid, Alaa Elgibali, Manfred Woidich, Andrzej Zaborski. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 51-56.
[124]	Western Arabic, Qaf with three dots above, city of Gabes, Tunisia
[125]	Urdu, Heh goal with hamza above, Section 3 in http://www.columbia.edu/~mk2580/urdu_section/handouts/izafat.pdf
[126]	Urdu, Teh marbuta goal, Code point UZT 76 of Urdu Zabta Takhti 1.01, the official code page standard for Govt. of Pakistan, approved in 2001; see http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf
[127]	Kurdish-Sorani, p.7 in http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf
[128]	Wolof, Beh with dot below and three dots above, WOLOFAL ORTHOGRAPHY by Galen Currah, revised 20 May 2011
[129]	Malay, Jawi Keyboard standard by Department of Standards Malaysia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_keyboard, accessed on 13 November 2015
[130]	Ajami usage, Language planning in West Africa - who writes the script?" by FREDERIKE LÜPKE; http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/02/ldd02_08.pdf
[131]	Fulfulde, http://www.silcam.org/documents/AlphabetandOrthographyStatementforFulfuldeFUBAjamiyafortheinternet.pdf
[132]	Hausa, Newspapers and books published in Hausa using Arabic script, http://aflang.humnet.ucla.edu/Hausa/Pronunciation/writing.html
[133]	Kyrgyz, http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kir
[134]	Kyrgyz, http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages
[135]	Urdu, http://www.bbc.com/urdu
[136]	Wikipedia: "Kyrgyz alphabets", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets, accessed on 13 November 2015
[137]	Malay, Information technology - Jawi coded character set for information interchange MS 2443:2012, Department of Standards, Malaysia. http://www.standardsmalaysia.gov.my
[138]	Pashto Academy Peshawar University
[139]	Saraiki, https://id-id.facebook.com/jhoke.saraiki
[140]	Kurdish, http://www.kurdpress.com/
[141]	Internet Architecture Board (IAB), "IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0" https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/ Combining Hamza not recommended for use by IAB statement and combining marks not included by TF-AIDN; So combined form needs to be included
[142]	An introduction to Latin-Script Uyghur: by Waris Abdukerim Janbaz ,State Library of Victoria, 2006, http://docplayer.net/42224797-An-introduction-to-latin-script-uyghur.html
[143]	Torwali online and printed dictionaries
[144]	Wikipedia: "Jawi keyboard" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_keyboard, accessed on 13 November 2015
[145]	Wikipedia: "Saraiki alphabet" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet, accessed on 13 November 2015
[146]	ANT (Alphabet National du Tchad) is the national standard for Chad/Tchad; See Figures in L2/10-288R (used for “tr” sound as given in the table in Section 6.1.2): http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf and Appendix B
[147]	Wolof, http://www.openbookpublishers.com/htmlreader/978-1-78374-062-8/11.Ngom.xhtml#_idTextAnchor144