Reference LGR for language: Hindi (hi) | lgr-second-level-hindi-language-24jan24-en |
---|
This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2024-01-24 |
---|---|
LGR Version | 3 (Second Level Reference LGR) |
Language | hi (Hindi Language) |
Unicode Version | 11.0.0 |
Description
INSTRUCTIONS
- These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
- As described the IANA procedure
(https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure)
an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:- Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
- Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
- Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
- Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
- The following information is optional:
- Document creation date
- Applicable Domain(s)
- Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting
Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before
depositing the document in the IANA Repository.
(https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)
Meta Data
Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.
<version comment="
[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">
[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>
<date>
[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>
<validity-start>
[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>
Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.
<scope type="domain">
[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>
Registry Contact Information:
Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.
Change History
If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).
PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT
Registry Contact Details
- Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
- Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
- Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]
Label Generation Rules for the Hindi language
Overview
This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Hindi language for the second level domain or domains identified above. The ultimate starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-Deva]. Note that while it is the Devanagari Script Root Zone LGR that forms the starting point, the LGR defined here covers the Hindi Language. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Hindi Language” [Ref-LGR-hi-Deva], for details, see Change History below.
For details and additional background on the Devanagari script, see “Proposal for a Devanagari Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)" [Proposal-Devanagari].
Standalone LGR: This LGR is designed to be used in a zone that does not cater to IDNs other than those valid under this LGR. This LGR lacks features that would allow its use in the context of another LGR in the same zone, and it may contain other features incompatible with such use.
Repertoire
The repertoire contains 61 code points for letters for use in the Hindi language in addition to 7 sequences used for in-script variants (see “Variants” below). The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 11.0.0]. For details, see Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Devanagari]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Devanagari script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)
For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the HYPHEN-MINUS, and two sets of decimal digits:
- European (common) digits
- Devanagari digits
for a total of 91 repertoire elements.
Any code points outside the Hindi Language repertoire that are targets for out-of-repertoire variants would be included here only if the variant is listed in this file. In this case they are identified as a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. Whether or not they are listed, they do not form part of the repertoire.
Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see “References” below. For code points that are part of the repertoire, comments identify the languages using the code point.
Variants
This LGR is designed for use in zones shared by more than one script. For details, see Section 3, “Use of Multiple Reference LGRs in the Same Zone” in [Level-2-Overview]. Where appropriate, cross-script variants have been defined to mutually exclude labels from different scripts that could otherwise be substituted by the users. Once a label has been delegated for one script, any of its variant labels consisting entirely of cross-script variants would be blocked. Any label containing at least one code point that is not a cross-script variant would be considered distinct. Because of that, even large numbers of defined cross-script variants generally do not lead to a high percentage of labels experiencing a collision.
This LGR defines in-script variants variants as described in Section 6, “Variants”, in “[Proposal-Devanagari]”. The in-script variants are based on Candrabindu and Candra Vowel Signs followed by Anusvara plus digit variants.
Digit Variants: All Devanagari digits are treated as semantic variants of the corresponding common (ASCII) digits. By transitivity, they are also semantic variants of any native digits in scripts that also include the common digits. Such variant relations are deemed to exist implicitly by transitivity but are not listed explicitly in each reference LGR. Instead, if needed, they are applied by using the Common LGR in label processing.
In particular, Devanagari digit ZERO is a cross-script homoglyph or near homoglyph of digit ZERO in many other scripts; these are already implicit semantic variants by transitivity and therefore not listed here.
Note that in addition to a transitive semantic variant relation, Devanagari digits ZERO, TWO, FOUR, FIVE and EIGHT reperesent cross-script homoglyph or near homoglyph forms of the corresponding Gujarati digits.
To keep digit variant sets manageable in zones where multiple scripts are present, no attempt has been made at identifying cross-script variants among digits of different numeric value or between a digit in one script and a letter in another, such as between digit zero and Latin letter ‘o’. Other mechanisms may be required to prevent homograph labels.
Variant Disposition: All variants are of type “blocked”; labels that differ only by these variants are mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent label should be blocked. There is no preference among these labels.
This LGR does not define allocatable variants.
Context Rules for Variants: some of the variants defined in this LGR are “effective null variants”, that is, some code points in the source map to “nothing” in the target with all other code points unchanged. (Because mappings are symmetric, it does not matter whether it is the forward or reverse mapping that maps to “null”.) Such variants require a context rule to keep the variant set well behaved.
In other cases, the sequences or code points making up source and target are constrained by explicit context rules on the code points (or by implicit context rules defined for the adjacent code points). In such a case, any variants may require context rules that match the intersection between the effective contexts for both source and target; otherwise, a sequence might be considered valid in some variant label when it would not be valid in an equivalent context in an original label. Symmetry requires the same context rule for both forward and reverse mappings.
The specification of variants in this LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].
Character Classes
Devanagari is an alphasyllabary and the heart of the writing system is the akshar. This is the unit which is instinctively recognized by users of the script. As encoded, the writing system of Devanagari is composed of Consonants, Halant, Vowels, Anusvara, Candrabindu, Nukta and Visarga.
Consonants: Devanagari consonants all contain an implicit schwa /ə/. To make a full syllable, consonants may be followed by certain code points from one or more of the other groups (see “WLE rules” below). See Section 3.3.1, “The Consonants” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Halant: Because all consonants contain an implicit vowel /ə/, a special sign is needed to denote that this implicit vowel is stripped off. This sign is the Halant, encoded as U+094D ् DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA. The Halant thus joins two consonants and creates conjuncts, which can be generally from 2 to 4 consonant combinations. In rare cases, it can join up to 5 consonants. However, this LGR will not enforce any length limit. See Section 3.3.2, “The Implicit Vowel Killer: Halant” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Vowels and Matras: There are separate code points for vowels that are pronounced independently at the beginning of a syllable or after a vowel sound. To indicate a vowel sound following a consonant other than the implicit shwa sound, a vowel sign (matra) is attached to the consonant. There is an equivalent matra for each vowel excepting U+0905 अ DEVANAGARI VOWEL A. See Section 3.3.3, “Vowels” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Anusvara: The Anusvara shows a nasal at the end of a syllable. See Section 3.3.4, “The Anusvara” of the [Proposal-Devanagari].
Candrabindu: A Candrabindu denotes nasalization of the preceding vowel. Present-day Hindi users tend to replace the Candrabindu by the Anusvara. See Section 3.3.5, “Nasalization: Candrabindu” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Nukta: The nukta sign is placed below a certain number of consonants to represent sounds found only in words borrowed from Perso-Arabic, English and other non-Aryan sources. It is also placed under the consonants U+0921 ड and U+0922 ढ to indicate flapped sounds. See Section 3.3.6, “Nukta” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Visarga: U+0903 ः DEVANAGARI SIGN VISARGA, representing an aspiration at the end of a syllable, is frequently used in Sanskrit. See Section 3.3.7, “Visarga and Avagraha” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Devanagari Digits: U+0966 ० to U+096F ९ are a set of Devanagari-specific digits. They are used in alternation with the European (common) digits.
Common Digits: U+0030 0 to U+0039 9 are the set of digits from the ASCII range.
Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules
Common Rules
The LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions, some of which are mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟ and included here by default.
- Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
- Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].
- Digit-mixing — no mixing between different digit sets (European and Devanagari digits) is allowed; implemented here as a WLE rule with associated action.
Default Actions
This LGR includes the complete set default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940] and [150]. An additional action is triggered by mixed digit labels.
Hindi-specific Rules
These rules ensure that the Hindi label conforms to akshar formation norms for the Devanagari script. These norms are exclusively presented as context rules.
The following symbols are used in the names and comments for WLE rules:
- C → Consonant
- M → Matra
- V → Vowel
- B → Anusvara (Bindu)
- D → Candrabindu
- X → Visarga
- H → Halant / Virama
- N → Nukta
The rules are:
- 1. N: must be preceded by C1
- 2. H: must be preceded by C or CN
- 3. M: must be preceded by C or CN
- 4. X: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 5. B: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 6. D: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 7. V: Can NOT be preceded by H
See Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)” in [Proposal-Devanagari].
Methodology and Contributors
The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Hindi Language was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the Root Zone LGR for the Devanagari script and information contained or referenced therein; see [RZ-LGR-Deva]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines] and with community input. As part of that process, features have been removed or modified as appropriate for the target language. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Devanagari script, that this LGR is based on, was developed by the Devanagari Generation Panel. For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Devanagari], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].
Changes from Version Dated 15 December 2020
Language tag has been updated.
Changes from Version Dated 18 May 2021
Unicode Version has been updated.
Changes from Version Dated 24 January 2024
Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Hindi Language [Ref-LGR-hi-Deva] without normative changes.
References
The following general references are cited in this document:
- [EGIDS]
- Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,”
documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS) - [Guidelines]
- ICANN, “Guidelines for Developing Reference LGRs for the Second Level”, (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 27 May 2020),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-guidelines-second-level-27may20-en.pdf - [Level-2-Overview]
- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, (ICANN),“Reference Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Second Level: Overview and Summary” (PDF),
(Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 24 January 2024),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/level2-lgr-overview-summary-24jan24-en.pdf - [Proposal-Devanagari]
- Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Devanagari Script Root Zone Label
Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 22 April 2019,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-devanagari-lgr-22apr19-en.pdf - [RFC 7940]
- Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”,
RFC 7940, August 2016,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940 - [RFC 8228]
- A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228 - [RZ-LGR-Overview]
- Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022 (PDF),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf - [RZ-LGR-Deva]
- ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Devanagari Script (und-Deva), 26 May 2022 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-devanagari-script-26may22-en.xml - [SIL-Ethnologue]
- David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021.
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL
International. Online version available as
https://www.ethnologue.com - [Ref-LGR-hi-Deva]
- ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Hindi Language (hi-Deva), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-hindi-language-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-hindi-language-24jan24-en.html - [Unicode 11.0.0]
- The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1)
https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/
For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Hindi Language for the second level please see details in the Table of References below.
Reference [0] refers to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [100] and above correspond to sources given in [Proposal-Devanagari] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [150] indicates the source for common rules.
Repertoire
Repertoire Summary
Number of elements in repertoire | 91 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of code points for each script |
|
||||
Number of code points | 84 | ||||
Number of sequences | 7 | ||||
Longest code point sequence | 2 |
Repertoire by Code Point
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Variants | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ⍟ | ||
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | Common-digit | set 1 | ⍟ | |
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | Common-digit | set 2 | ⍟ | |
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | Common-digit | set 3 | ⍟ | |
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | Common-digit | set 4 | ⍟ | |
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | Common-digit | set 5 | ⍟ | |
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | Common-digit | set 6 | ⍟ | |
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | Common-digit | set 7 | ⍟ | |
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | Common-digit | set 8 | ⍟ | |
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | Common-digit | set 9 | ⍟ | |
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | Common-digit | set 10 | ⍟ | |
U+0901 | ँ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU | [0], [101] | Candrabindu | follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | set 11 | Hindi |
U+0902 | ं | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [101] | Anusvara | follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | Hindi | |
U+0903 | ः | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN VISARGA | [0], [101] | Visarga | follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | Hindi | |
U+0905 | अ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER A | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0906 | आ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0906 U+0901 | आँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU | [Vowel] + [Candrabindu] | not: preceded-by-H | set 12 | ||
U+0907 | इ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER I | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0908 | ई | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER II | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0909 | उ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER U | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+090A | ऊ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER UU | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+090B | ऋ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+090D | ऍ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA E | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+090D U+0902 | ऍं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA E + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | set 13 | ||
U+090F | ए | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER E | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+090F U+0901 | एँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER E + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU | [Vowel] + [Candrabindu] | not: preceded-by-H | set 13 | ||
U+0910 | ऐ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AI | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0911 | ऑ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O | [0], [100], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0911 U+0902 | ऑं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | set 12 | ||
U+0913 | ओ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER O | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0914 | औ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AU | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | Hindi | |
U+0915 | क | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER KA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0916 | ख | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER KHA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0917 | ग | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER GA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0918 | घ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER GHA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0919 | ङ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+091A | च | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+091B | छ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CHA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+091C | ज | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER JA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+091D | झ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER JHA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+091E | ञ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NYA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+091F | ट | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0920 | ठ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER TTHA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0921 | ड | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DDA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0922 | ढ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DDHA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0923 | ण | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NNA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0924 | त | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER TA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0925 | थ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER THA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0926 | द | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0927 | ध | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DHA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0928 | न | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+092A | प | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+092B | फ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER PHA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+092C | ब | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER BA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+092D | भ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER BHA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+092E | म | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER MA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+092F | य | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER YA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0930 | र | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER RA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0932 | ल | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER LA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0935 | व | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER VA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0936 | श | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0937 | ष | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0938 | स | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+0939 | ह | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER HA | [0], [101] | Consonant | Hindi | ||
U+093C | ़ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA | [0], [101], [109] | Nukta | follows-C1 | Hindi | |
U+093E | ा | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+093E U+0901 | ाँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU | [Matra] + [Candrabindu] | follows-C-or-CN | set 14 | ||
U+093F | ि | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0940 | ी | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0941 | ु | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0942 | ू | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0943 | ृ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0945 | ॅ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E | [0], [100], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | = candra; Hindi | |
U+0945 U+0902 | ॅं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [Matra] + [Anusvara] | follows-C-or-CN | set 11 | ||
U+0947 | े | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0948 | ै | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0949 | ॉ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O | [0], [100] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+0949 U+0902 | ॉं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [Matra] + [Anusvara] | follows-C-or-CN | set 14 | ||
U+094B | ो | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+094C | ौ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AU | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | Hindi | |
U+094D | ् | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [101] | Halant | follows-C-or-CN | = halant; suppresses inherent vowel: Hindi | |
U+0966 | ० | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 1 | ||
U+0967 | १ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 2 | ||
U+0968 | २ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 3 | ||
U+0969 | ३ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 4 | ||
U+096A | ४ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT FOUR | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 5 | ||
U+096B | ५ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT FIVE | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 6 | ||
U+096C | ६ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT SIX | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 7 | ||
U+096D | ७ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 8 | ||
U+096E | ८ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 9 | ||
U+096F | ९ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI DIGIT NINE | [0] | Devanagari-digit | set 10 |
Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.
- Code Point
- A code point or code point sequence.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- Script
- Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common. Sequences are annotated with a set of all distinct script values.
- Name
- Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by “+”.
- Ref
- Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
- Tags
- LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view. For sequences, the tags for all member code points are shown in [] for information; sequences as such do not have tags.
- Required Context
- Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
- Variants
- Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
- Comment
- The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
Variants
Variant Set Summary
Number of variant sets | 14 | |
---|---|---|
Largest variant set | 2 | |
Variants by Type |
|
Variant Sets
The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.
Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.
In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and variant sets for each context are disjoint, but code points that have variants with multiple contexts are members of more than one set.
- Source
- By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Target
- By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- → - forward
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
- ← - reverse
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
- ↔ - both
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
- Type
- The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR.
- Required Context
- Link to the rule defining a required context the source must satisfy for the variant mapping to be defined. If prefixed by “not:”, identifies a context that must not occur.
- Ref
- One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
- Comment
- A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Variant Set 1 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0030 | 0 | 0966 | ० | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 2 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0031 | 1 | 0967 | १ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 3 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0032 | 2 | 0968 | २ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 4 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0033 | 3 | 0969 | ३ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 5 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0034 | 4 | 096A | ४ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 6 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0035 | 5 | 096B | ५ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 7 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0036 | 6 | 096C | ६ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 8 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0037 | 7 | 096D | ७ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 9 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0038 | 8 | 096E | ८ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 10 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0039 | 9 | 096F | ९ | ↔ | blocked | ASCII digit variant / Devanagari digit variant |
Variant Set 11 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0901 | ँ | 0945 0902 | ॅं | ↔ | blocked | follows-C-or-CN | Devanagari variant |
Variant Set 12 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0906 0901 | आँ | 0911 0902 | ऑं | ↔ | blocked | Devanagari variant |
Variant Set 13 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
090D 0902 | ऍं | 090F 0901 | एँ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 14 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
093E 0901 | ाँ | 0949 0902 | ॉं | ↔ | blocked |
Classes, Rules and Actions
Character Classes
Number of named classes | 8 |
---|---|
Implicit (except script) | 3 |
Implict defined by script tag | 2 |
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Tag=Consonant | 33 | {0915-0928 092A-0930 0932 0935-0939} | Any Devanagari consonant | |
C1 | Tag=C1 | 9 | {0915-0917 091A-091C 0921-0922 092B} | Consonants followed by Devanagari Nukta | |
V | Tag=Vowel | 13 | {0905-090B 090D 090F-0911 0913-0914} | Any Devanagari independent vowel | |
M | Tag=Matra | 12 | {093E-0943 0945 0947-0949 094B-094C} | Any Devanagari vowel sign (matra) | |
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {094D} | The Devanagari Halant (VIRAMA) | |
N | Tag=Nukta | 1 | {093C} | The Devanagari Nukta | |
common-digits | Tag=Common-digit | 10 | {0030-0039} | Digits from the ASCII range; ⍟ | |
devanagari-digits | Tag=Devanagari-digit | 10 | {0966-096F} | Devanagari digits | |
implicit | Tag=Anusvara | 1 | {0902} | The character tagged as Anusvara | |
implicit | Tag=Candrabindu | 1 | {0901} | The character tagged as Candrabindu | |
implicit | Tag=Visarga | 1 | {0903} | The character tagged as Visarga | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Deva | 73 | {0901-0903 0905-090B 090D 090F-0911 0913-0928 092A-0930 0932 0935-0939 093C 093E-0943 0945 0947-0949 094B-094D 0966-096F} | Any character tagged as Devanagari | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
- Members or Ranges
- Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
- Tag=ttt
- A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
- Implicit
- An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.
Whole label evaluation and context rules
Number of rules | 7 |
---|---|
Used to trigger actions | 2 |
Used as context rule (C) | 5 |
Used as context rule (V) | 1 |
Anchored context rules | 5 |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]] |
✔ | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟ | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎) |
✔ | C | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D - ⍟ | |
follows-C1 | ([:C1:])← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 1: Rule for Nukta which restricts its preceding characters | ||
follows-C-or-CN | ([:C:]|([:C:][:N:]))← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C, V | Section 7, WLE 2, 3: Halant or matra characters can only be preceded by consonant or a Nukta which is preceded by a consonant | ||
follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | ([:V:]|[:C:]|[:N:]|[:M:])← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 4, 5, 6: Anusvara, Candrabindu or Visarga characters can only be preceded by either vowel or consonant or Nukta or matra | ||
preceded-by-H | ([:H:])← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 7: A vowel is not allowed to follow an H | ||
digit-mixing | ([:common-digits:].*[:devanagari-digits:])|([:devanagari-digits:].*[:common-digits:]) |
✔ | restrictions on mixing digits |
- Used as Trigger
- This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
- Used as Context
- This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
- Anchor
- This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
- Regular Expression
- A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
- ⚓︎ - context anchor
- Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
- (...)← - look-behind
- If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
- →(..) - look-ahead
- If present encloses required context following the anchor.
- ( ) - group
- An anonymous nested rule is used to group match operators.
- (... | ...) - choice
- When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
- start or end
- (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
- . - any code point
- . matches any code point.
- *, +, ?, {n,m} - count operators
- * indicates 0 or more, + indicates one or more, and ? indicates up to one instance. {n,m} indicates at least n and at most m instances.
- [: :] - named or implicit character set
- Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
- [\p{ }] - property
- Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
- ∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
- Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
- ⍟ - default rule
- Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Actions
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | [150] | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟ |
2 | if label matches | digit-mixing | → | invalid | a label violating the restriction on digit mixing is invalid | |
3 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟ | |
4 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟ | |
5 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟ | |
6 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all (default action) ⍟ |
- {...} - variant type set
- In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
- ⍟ - default action
- Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: allocatable, out-of-repertoire-var. This is not necessarily an error.
Table of References
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.
[0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1 |
[100] | Devanāgarī VIP Team, "Variant Issues Report", ICANN 3 Oct. 2011, https://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/devanagari-vip-issues-report-03oct11-en.pdf (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017) |
[101] | Omniglot, "Hindi", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017) |
[109] | Central Hindi Directorate-Ministry of HRD-Govt. of India, "Devanāgarī Alphabet and its Romanization", https://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/hindi_orgin/devnagarithesysmbols.html (Accessed on 12 Dec. 2017) |
[150] | RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |