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Sarmad Hussain

Pakistan

Sr Director IDN & UA Programs

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
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Cyrus Jamnejad

United States of America

gTLD Accounts Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for John Jeffrey

John Jeffrey

General Counsel & Secretary

Staff
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Josh Jenkins

United States of America

Sr. Networking Engineer

Staff
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Patrick L. Jones

United States of America

Senior Director, Global Stakeholder Engagement

Staff
Profile image for Vinciane Koenigsfeld

Vinciane Koenigsfeld

Luxembourg

Senior Director, Board Operations

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Pitinan Kooarmornpatana

Pitinan Kooarmornpatana

Thailand

IDN Programs Manager

Technology

Staff
Profile image for Howard Li

Howard Li

China

gTLD Accounts Senior Manager

DNS MarketplaceTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Ariel Xinyue Liang

Ariel Xinyue Liang

United States of America

GNSO Policy Support Specialist

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
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Siôn Lloyd

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Lead Security, Stability, & Resiliency Specialist

Technology

Staff
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Selim Manzak

Turkey

Contractual Compliance Senior Specialist

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

StaffBoard
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Göran Marby

United States of America

President and CEO

Staff
Profile image for Mariana Marinho

Mariana Marinho

United States of America

Public Responsibility Support Sr. Program Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Veni Markovski

Veni Markovski

United States of America

Vice-President, UN Engagement - New York

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Brian Martin

Brian Martin

United States of America

Sr. Information Security Engineer

Technology

Staff
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Andrew McConachie

Netherlands

Policy & Technology Sr. Manager

Technology

Staff
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David McGill

United States of America

Legal Counsel

Staff
Profile image for Ali Mohammadi

Ali Mohammadi

United States of America

Software Developer

Technology

Staff
Profile image for Christopher Mondini

Christopher Mondini

ICANN Vice President, Stakeholder Engagement, Europe & Managing Director, Brussels

Developing WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Sherwood Moore

Sherwood Moore

Senior Project Manager, Strategic Communication and Community Engagement

Staff
Profile image for Bob Ochieng

Bob Ochieng

Kenya

Stakeholder Engagement Mngr - East Africa

Staff
Profile image for David Olive

David Olive

United States of America

SVP, Policy Development Support

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Edman Perez

Edman Perez

United States of America

IT Business Analytics & Intranet Manager

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Gary Petzer

Gary Petzer

United States of America

VP Engineering, Stakeholder Community Solutions Delivery

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Carlos Alvarez del Pino

Carlos Alvarez del Pino

United States of America

Director of SSR Engagement

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Wendy Profit

Wendy Profit

United States of America

Board Operations Senior Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Ergys Ramaj

Ergys Ramaj

United States of America

VP, Public Responsibility

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Ashwin Rangan

Ashwin Rangan

United States of America

SVP Engineering & Chief Information Officer

Technology

Staff
Profile image for Christina Rodriguez

Christina Rodriguez

United States of America

Sr. Director, Language Services

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Noah Ross

Noah Ross

United States of America

Senior Front End Architect

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Shauna Royston

Shauna Royston

United States of America

Business Analyst

Staff
Profile image for Danielle Rutherford

Danielle Rutherford

United States of America

Policy and Technology Analyst

Staff
Profile image for Seher Sagiroglu

Seher Sagiroglu

Turkey

GSE Regional Specialist

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Mert Saka

Mert Saka

Turkey

gTLD Accounts Manager

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Marc Salvatierra

Marc Salvatierra

United States of America

Senior Manager, Web Content Operations

DNS MarketplaceTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Rowdy Sampietro

Rowdy Sampietro

United States of America

Talent Acquisition Sr Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for David Saxa

David Saxa

United States of America

Implementation Project Analyst

GovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Kathy Schnitt

Kathy Schnitt

United States of America

SSAC & RSSAC Support Lead Administrator

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Natalie Schoer

Natalie Schoer

United States of America

Communications Sr. Coordinator

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Mark Segall

Mark Segall

United States of America

Director, Community Collaboration Solutions Delivery

Staff
Profile image for Vivek SenGupta

Vivek SenGupta

United States of America

Director of Procurement

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Steve Sheng

Steve Sheng

United States of America

Senior Director, Policy Development Support

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Pamela McNeff Smith

Pamela McNeff Smith

United States of America

Coordinator and Executive Assistant/MSSI

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Ed Soledad

Ed Soledad

United States of America

Senior Analyst Information Technology

Staff
Profile image for Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob

Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob

Netherlands

Lead Security, Stability, & Resiliency Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Flauribert Takwa

Flauribert Takwa

United States of America

IT PMO Associate Project Manager

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Aysegul Tekce

Aysegul Tekce

Turkey

gTLD Accounts Manager

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Silvia Vivanco

Silvia Vivanco

Peru

At-Large Regional Affairs Senior Manager

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

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Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."