Root Zone LGR for script: Kannada (Knda) | rz-lgr-6-kannada-script-23sep25-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date | 2025-09-23
LGR Version | 6 (Root Zone LGR for the Kannada Script)
Language | und-Knda (Kannada Script)
Scope | domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version | 16.0.0

# Description

# Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Kannada Script

## Overview

This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Kannada script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and additional background on the script, see “Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)” [Proposal-Kannada]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-6]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

## Repertoire

According to Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Kannada], the Kannada LGR contains 62 single code points.

This LGR caters to Kannada, Tulu, Beary, Konkani, Havyaka, Kodava, among other languages written using the Kannada script.

The repertoire is contained in [MSR-6], which is a subset of [Unicode 16.0.0].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither decimal digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used and one or more other character categories. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see the “References” below. Comments provide alternate names for some code points.

Code points outside the Kannada script repertoire that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-repertoire variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. They do not form part of the repertoire.

## Variants

According to Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Kannada], this LGR defines cross-script variants based on being “Confusing due to deviation from normally perceived character formations by larger linguistic community”. These cases are not of mere visual similarity; they can cause confusion even to a careful observer and hence have been defined as variants. There are no in-script variants defined for Kannada.

Variant Disposition: All variants are of type “blocked”, making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent labels should be blocked. There is no preference among these labels.

This LGR does not define allocatable variants.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

## Character Classes

The structure of the Kannada script is similar to that of other Indian scripts; it is particularly closely related to Telugu. The heart of the writing system is the akshar. The basic characters are classified into three main categories: swara (vowels), vyanjana (consonants) and yogavahas (semiconsonants).

Swaras (vowels): There are thirteen vowels. When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter. Sometimes these are referred to as vowel signs or matras. More details in Section 3.4.1, “Swaras (vowels)” in [Proposal-Kannada].

Yogavahas (semiconsonants): The Yogavaha (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters:

1. The anusvara: ಅಂ /aṁ/.
2. The visarga: ಅಃ /aḥ/.

See Section 3.4.2, “Yogavahas” of [Proposal-Kannada].

Vyanjanas (consonants): Two categories of consonant characters are defined in Kannada: the structured consonants (vargeeya vyanjana) and the unstructured consonants (avargeeya vyanjana). For the purpose of this LGR, all consonants are treated the same. More details in Section 3.4.3, “Vyanjanas (consonants)” of the [Proposal-Kannada].

Halant / Virama: All consonant code points in Kannada contain an implicit vowel ಅ /a/. The Unicode character U+0CCD ್ , which is the Kannada equivalent of the Devanagari Halant (or Virama), U+094D ् , is applied to consonants to remove the implicit vowel. More details in Section 3.4.4, “Implicit vowel ಅ (a) in consonants” in [Proposal-Kannada].

## Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

### Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-6]. They are marked with ⍟. The default prohibition on leading combining marks is equivalent to ensuring that a label only starts with a consonant or vowel. The actions compute a label disposition based on WLE rules or variant mapping types.

### Kannada-specific Rules

These rules have been formulated so that they can be adopted for LGR specification.

The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
X → Visarga
H → Halant / Virama

The rules are:

- 1. H: must be preceded by C
- 2. M: must be preceded by C
- 3. B: must be preceded by C, V or M
- 4. X: must be preceded by C, V or M
- 5. V: cannot be preceded by H

More details in Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)” of [Proposal-Kannada].

## Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Kannada Script was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP), the members of which have experience in linguistics and computational linguistics in a wide variety of languages written with Neo-Brahmi scripts. Under the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, there are nine scripts belonging to separate Unicode blocks. Each of these scripts has been assigned a separate LGR, with the Neo-Brahmi GP ensuring that the fundamental philosophy behind building each LGR is in sync with all other Brahmi-derived scripts. For further details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Kannada], as well as [RZ-LGR-6-Overview].

## References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[MSR-6]
  Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-6 Overview and Rationale”, 23 September 2025,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[Proposal-Kannada]
  Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)”, 6 March 2019,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-kannada-lgr-06mar19-en.pdf
[RFC 7940]
  Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
  A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-6-Overview]
  Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-6): Overview and Summary”, 23 September 2025,
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-6]
  Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-6)”, 23 September 2025 (XML),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.xml
  non-normative HTML presentation:
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.html
[Unicode 16.0.0]
  The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0, (South San Francisco: The Unicode Consortium, 2024. ISBN 978-1-936213-34-4)
  https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/

For references consulted, particularly in designing the repertoire for the Kannada script for the Root Zone, please see details in the Table of References below. Reference [0] refers to the Unicode Standard version in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [110] and above correspond to sources given in {Proposal-Kannada] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

# Repertoire

## Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire | 62
Out-of-repertoire variants | 34
Total entries in table | 96
Number of code points for each script |
Kannada | 62
Telugu | 34
Longest code point sequence | 1

## Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point | Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire | Variants | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
U+0C02 | ం | Telugu | TELUGU SIGN ANUSVARA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 1 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C03 | ః | Telugu | TELUGU SIGN VISARGA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 2 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C05 | అ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER A | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 3 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C06 | ఆ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER AA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 4 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C07 | ఇ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 5 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C08 | ఈ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER II | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 6 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C10 | ఐ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER AI | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 7 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C12 | ఒ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER O | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 8 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C13 | ఓ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER OO | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 9 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C14 | ఔ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER AU | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 10 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C16 | ఖ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER KHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 11 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C17 | గ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER GA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 12 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C1C | జ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER JA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 13 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C1D | ఝ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER JHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 14 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C1E | ఞ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NYA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 15 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C1F | ట | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER TTA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 16 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C20 | ఠ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER TTHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 17 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C21 | డ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DDA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 18 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C22 | ఢ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DDHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 19 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C23 | ణ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NNA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 20 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C25 | థ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER THA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 21 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C26 | ద | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 22 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C27 | ధ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 23 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C28 | న | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 24 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C2C | బ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER BA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 25 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C2D | భ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER BHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 26 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C2E | మ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER MA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 27 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C2F | య | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER YA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 28 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C30 | ర | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER RA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 29 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C32 | ల | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER LA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 30 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C33 | ళ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER LLA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 31 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C3F | ి | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 32 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C41 | ు | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN U | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 33 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C43 | ృ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 34 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C82 | ಂ | Kannada | KANNADA SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [110], [111] | Anusvara | follows-C-V-or-M | ✔ | set 1 |
U+0C83 | ಃ | Kannada | KANNADA SIGN VISARGA | [0], [110], [111] | Visarga | follows-C-V-or-M | ✔ | set 2 |
U+0C85 | ಅ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER A | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 3 |
U+0C86 | ಆ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER AA | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 4 |
U+0C87 | ಇ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER I | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 5 |
U+0C88 | ಈ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER II | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 6 |
U+0C89 | ಉ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER U | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C8A | ಊ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER UU | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C8B | ಋ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C8E | ಎ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER E | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C8F | ಏ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER EE | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C90 | ಐ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER AI | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 7 |
U+0C92 | ಒ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER O | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 8 |
U+0C93 | ಓ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER OO | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 9 |
U+0C94 | ಔ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER AU | [0], [110], [111] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 10 |
U+0C95 | ಕ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER KA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C96 | ಖ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER KHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 11 |
U+0C97 | ಗ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER GA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 12 |
U+0C98 | ಘ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER GHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C99 | ಙ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NGA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C9A | ಚ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER CA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C9B | ಛ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER CHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C9C | ಜ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER JA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 13 |
U+0C9D | ಝ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER JHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 14 |
U+0C9E | ಞ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NYA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 15 |
U+0C9F | ಟ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER TTA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 16 |
U+0CA0 | ಠ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER TTHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 17 |
U+0CA1 | ಡ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DDA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 18 |
U+0CA2 | ಢ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DDHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 19 |
U+0CA3 | ಣ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NNA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 20 |
U+0CA4 | ತ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER TA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CA5 | ಥ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER THA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 21 |
U+0CA6 | ದ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 22 |
U+0CA7 | ಧ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 23 |
U+0CA8 | ನ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 24 |
U+0CAA | ಪ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER PA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CAB | ಫ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER PHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CAC | ಬ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER BA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 25 |
U+0CAD | ಭ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER BHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 26 |
U+0CAE | ಮ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER MA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 27 |
U+0CAF | ಯ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER YA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 28 |
U+0CB0 | ರ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER RA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 29 |
U+0CB2 | ಲ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER LA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 30 |
U+0CB3 | ಳ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER LLA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 31 |
U+0CB5 | ವ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER VA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CB6 | ಶ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER SHA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CB7 | ಷ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER SSA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CB8 | ಸ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER SA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CB9 | ಹ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER HA | [0], [110], [111] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0CBE | ಾ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CBF | ಿ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 32 |
U+0CC0 | ೀ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CC1 | ು | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 33 |
U+0CC2 | ೂ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CC3 | ೃ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 34 |
U+0CC6 | ೆ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CC7 | ೇ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN EE | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CC8 | ೈ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CCA | ೊ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CCB | ೋ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN OO | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CCC | ೌ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN AU | [0], [110], [111] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0CCD | ್ | Kannada | KANNADA SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [110], [111] | Halant | follows-C | ✔ |  | = Halant

Legend

Code Point
  A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
  The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
  Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
Name
  Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Ref
  Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
  LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
Required Context
  Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Variants
  Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment
  The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
✔ - core repertoire
  A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
✗ - out-of-repertoire
  A code point shown with ✗ is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.

# Variants

## Variant Set Summary

Number of variant sets | 34
Largest variant set | 2
Ordinary Variants by Type |
blocked | 68
Reflexive Variants by Type |
out-of-repertoire-var | 34

## Variant Sets

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.

Common Legend

Source
  By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target
  By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph
  The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
→ - forward
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
← - reverse
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
↔ - both
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
≡ - reflexive
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type
  The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR. A reflexive variant type “out-of-repertoire-var” designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries. In this LGR, types for variant mappings between out-of-repertoire code points are shown in italic while types for pure in-repertoire variant mappings are shown in bold.
Ref
  One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment
  A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

### Variant Set 1 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C02 | ం | 0C02 | ం | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C02 | ం | 0C82 | ಂ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 2 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C03 | ః | 0C03 | ః | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C03 | ః | 0C83 | ಃ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 3 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C05 | అ | 0C05 | అ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C05 | అ | 0C85 | ಅ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 4 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C06 | ఆ | 0C06 | ఆ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C06 | ఆ | 0C86 | ಆ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 5 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C07 | ఇ | 0C07 | ఇ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C07 | ఇ | 0C87 | ಇ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 6 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C08 | ఈ | 0C08 | ఈ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C08 | ఈ | 0C88 | ಈ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 7 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C10 | ఐ | 0C10 | ఐ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C10 | ఐ | 0C90 | ಐ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 8 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C12 | ఒ | 0C12 | ఒ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C12 | ఒ | 0C92 | ಒ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C13 | ఓ | 0C13 | ఓ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C13 | ఓ | 0C93 | ಓ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 10 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C14 | ఔ | 0C14 | ఔ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C14 | ఔ | 0C94 | ಔ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 11 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C16 | ఖ | 0C16 | ఖ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C16 | ఖ | 0C96 | ಖ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C17 | గ | 0C17 | గ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C17 | గ | 0C97 | ಗ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 13 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1C | జ | 0C1C | జ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C1C | జ | 0C9C | ಜ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 14 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1D | ఝ | 0C1D | ఝ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C1D | ఝ | 0C9D | ಝ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 15 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1E | ఞ | 0C1E | ఞ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C1E | ఞ | 0C9E | ಞ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 16 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1F | ట | 0C1F | ట | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C1F | ట | 0C9F | ಟ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 17 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C20 | ఠ | 0C20 | ఠ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C20 | ఠ | 0CA0 | ಠ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 18 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C21 | డ | 0C21 | డ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C21 | డ | 0CA1 | ಡ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 19 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C22 | ఢ | 0C22 | ఢ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C22 | ఢ | 0CA2 | ಢ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 20 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C23 | ణ | 0C23 | ణ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C23 | ణ | 0CA3 | ಣ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 21 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C25 | థ | 0C25 | థ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C25 | థ | 0CA5 | ಥ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 22 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C26 | ద | 0C26 | ద | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C26 | ద | 0CA6 | ದ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 23 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C27 | ధ | 0C27 | ధ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C27 | ధ | 0CA7 | ಧ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 24 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C28 | న | 0C28 | న | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C28 | న | 0CA8 | ನ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 25 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2C | బ | 0C2C | బ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C2C | బ | 0CAC | ಬ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 26 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2D | భ | 0C2D | భ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C2D | భ | 0CAD | ಭ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 27 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2E | మ | 0C2E | మ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C2E | మ | 0CAE | ಮ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 28 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2F | య | 0C2F | య | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C2F | య | 0CAF | ಯ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 29 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C30 | ర | 0C30 | ర | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C30 | ర | 0CB0 | ರ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 30 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C32 | ల | 0C32 | ల | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C32 | ల | 0CB2 | ಲ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 31 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C33 | ళ | 0C33 | ళ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C33 | ళ | 0CB3 | ಳ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 32 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C3F | ి | 0C3F | ి | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C3F | ి | 0CBF | ಿ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 33 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C41 | ు | 0C41 | ు | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C41 | ు | 0CC1 | ು | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 34 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C43 | ృ | 0C43 | ృ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0C43 | ృ | 0CC3 | ೃ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

# Classes, Rules and Actions

## Character Classes

Number of named classes | 4
Implicit (except script) | 2
Implicit defined by script tag | 2

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
C | Tag=Consonant | 34 | {0C95-0CA8 0CAA-0CB0 0CB2-0CB3 0CB5-0CB9} | [110], [111] | Any Kannada consonant
V | Tag=Vowel | 13 | {0C85-0C8B 0C8E-0C90 0C92-0C94} | [110], [111] | Any Kannada independent vowel
M | Tag=Matra | 12 | {0CBE-0CC3 0CC6-0CC8 0CCA-0CCC} | [110], [111] | Any Kannada vowel sign (matra)
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0CCD} | [110], [111] | The Kannada Halant / Virama
implicit | Tag=Anusvara | 1 | {0C82} |  | The character tagged as Anusvara
implicit | Tag=Visarga | 1 | {0C83} |  | The character tagged as Visarga
implicit | Tag=sc:Knda | 62 | {0C82-0C83 0C85-0C8B 0C8E-0C90 0C92-0CA8 0CAA-0CB0 0CB2-0CB3 0CB5-0CB9 0CBE-0CC3 0CC6-0CC8 0CCA-0CCD} |  | Any character tagged as Kannada
implicit | Tag=sc:Telu | 34 | {0C02-0C03 0C05-0C08 0C10 0C12-0C14 0C16-0C17 0C1C-0C23 0C25-0C28 0C2C-0C30 0C32-0C33 0C3F 0C41 0C43} |  | Any character tagged as Telugu

Legend

Members or Ranges
  Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
  A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
  An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.

## Whole Label Evaluation and Context Rules

Number of rules | 4
Used to trigger actions | 1
Used as context rule (C) | 3
Anchored context rules | 3

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger | Anchor | Used as Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
leading-combining-mark | `(start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]]` | ✔ |  |  |  | Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
follows-C | `([:C:])← ⚓︎` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 1: H must be preceded by C; WLE 2: M must be preceded by C
follows-C-V-or-M | `([:C:]|[:V:]|[:M:])← ⚓︎` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 3: Anusvara must be preceded by C, V or M; WLE 4: Visarga must be preceded by C, V or M
follows-H | `([:H:])← ⚓︎` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 5: V cannot be preceded by H

Legend

Used as Trigger
  This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
  This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
  This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
  A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓︎ - context anchor
  Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
  If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
  If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(... | ...) - choice
  When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
  (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
[: :] - named or implicit character set
  Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
[\p{ }] - property
  Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
  Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
⍟ - default rule
  Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

## Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set |  | Disposition | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid |  | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid |  | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked |  | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
4 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable |  | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
5 | if any label (catch-all) |  | → | valid |  | catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
  In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
  Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: allocatable. This is not necessarily an error.

# Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.

[0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
[110] | ಕನ್ನಡ ಮಧ್ಯಮ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ, ತೀ.ನಂ. ಶ್ರೀಕಂಠಯ್ಯ, ಗೀತಾ ಬುಕ್ ಹೌಸ್, ಮೈಸೂರು, ೨೦೦೧ /Kannada Madhyama Vyakarana/ (An Intermediate Kannada Grammar), T. N. Sreekantaiya, Geetha Book House, Mysore, 2001.
[111] | Omniglot, Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm