Root Zone LGR for script: Gujarati (Gujr) | rz-lgr-6-gujarati-script-23sep25-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date | 2025-09-23
LGR Version | 6 (Root Zone LGR for the Gujarati Script)
Language | und-Gujr (Gujarati Script)
Scope | domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version | 16.0.0

# Description

# Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Gujarati Script

## Overview

This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Gujarati script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and additional background on the script, see “Proposal for a Gujarati Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone” [Proposal-Gujarati]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-6]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

## Repertoire

According to Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Gujarati], the Gujarati LGR contains 65 single code points. This repertoire covers multiple languages written using the Gujarati script and ranging from 1 to 4 on the [EGIDS] scale.

The repertoire is contained in [MSR-6], which is a subset of [Unicode 16.0.0].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither decimal digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used and one or more other character categories. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see the “References” below.

## Variants

According to Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Gujarati], there are no characters or character sequences in the Gujarati repertoire that look exactly alike. Hence no variants have been defined.

However, Gujarati has some cases of confusingly similar combinations which have been listed in Appendix A in [Proposal-Gujarati].

## Character Classes

Gujarati is an alphasyllabary and the heart of the writing system is the akshar. This is the unit which is instinctively recognized by users of the script. The writing system of Gujarati could be summed up as composed of Consonants, the Implicit Vowel Killer: Halant, Vowels, Anusvara, Candrabindu, Nukta, Visarga and Avagraha.

Consonants: Gujarati consonants contain an implicit vowel schwa /ə/. The traditional classification categorizes them according to their phonetic properties. There are 5 varga groups (classes) and one non-varga group. Each varga, which corresponds to a particular stop, contains five consonants classified as per their properties. The first four consonants are classified on the basis of Voicing and Aspiration and the last is the corresponding nasal. More details in Section 3.4.1, “The Consonants” of the [Proposal-Gujarati].

Halant: All consonants contain the implicit vowel (schwa). A special sign is needed to denote that this implicit vowel is stripped off. This is known as the Halant, U+0ACD ્ . The Halant thus joins two consonants and creates conjuncts, which generally combine 2 to 4 consonants. In rare cases the Halant can join up to 5 consonants. More details in Section 3.4.2, “The Implicit Vowel Killer: Halant” in [Proposal-Gujarati].

Vowels and Matras: Separate symbols exist for all vowels, which are either pronounced independently at the beginning or attached to a consonant. To indicate the latter (other than the implicit one), a Vowel modifier (matra) is attached to the consonant. Since the consonant has a built-in schwa, there are equivalent matras for all vowels excepting U+0A85 અ. More details in Section 3.4.3, “Vowels” in [Proposal-Gujarati].

Anusvara: In Gujarati, the Anusvara U+0A82 ં has a dual function. On the one hand, it acts as homorganic nasal, that is, it replaces a conjunct group of a Nasal Consonant+Halant+Consonant belonging to that particular varga. On the other hand, before a non-varga consonant the Anusvara represents a nasal sound. Gujarati and its dialects prefer the Anusvara to the corresponding half-nasal. More details in Section 3.4.4, “The Anusvara” in [Proposal-Gujarati].

Nukta: Traditionally Gujarati does not admit the Nukta. Gujarati grammarians in their inventory of the Gujarati alphabet do not admit this diacritic. However, the Nukta is used to represent content where Perso-Arabic characters have to be transliterated. It follows specific consonants listed in set C1. More details in Section 3.4.6, “Nukta” in [Proposal-Gujarati].

Visarga and Avagraha: The Visarga U+0A83 ઃ is frequently used in Sanskrit and represents a sound very close to /h/, as in દુઃખ /du:kh/ sorrow, unhappiness. It is used sparingly in Gujarati with a few words borrowed from Sanskrit. The Avagraha is rarely used and excluded from the LGR. More details in Section 3.4.7, “Visarga and Avagraha” in [Proposal-Gujarati].

## Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

### Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-6]. They are marked with ⍟. The default prohibition on leading combining marks is equivalent to ensuring that a label only starts with a consonant or vowel. The actions compute a label disposition based on WLE rules or variant mapping types.

### Gujarati-specific Rules

These rules have been drafted to ensure that the prospective Gujarati label conforms to akshar formation norms as desired in Gujarati script. These norms are exclusively presented as context rules.

The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
X → Visarga
H → Halant/Virama
N → Nukta
C1 → Consonants used with Nukta

The rules are:

- 1. N: must be preceded by any of the specific set of Consonants (C1)
- 2. H: must be preceded either by C or N
- 3. X: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 4. B: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 5. M: must be preceded either by C or N

More details in Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)” in [Proposal-Gujarati].

## Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Gujarati Script was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP), the members of which have experience in linguistics and computational linguistics in a wide variety of languages written with Neo-Brahmi scripts. Under the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, there are nine scripts belonging to separate Unicode blocks. Each of these scripts has been assigned a separate LGR, with the Neo-Brahmi GP ensuring that the fundamental philosophy behind building each LGR is in sync with all other Brahmi-derived scripts. For further details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Gujarati], as well as [RZ-LGR-6-Overview].

## References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[MSR-6]
  Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-6 Overview and Rationale”, 23 September 2025,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[EGIDS]
  Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)
[Proposal-Gujarati]
  Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Gujarati Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)”, 6 March 2019,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-gujarati-lgr-06mar19-en.pdf
[RFC 7940]
  Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RZ-LGR-6-Overview]
  Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-6): Overview and Summary”, 23 September 2025,
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-6]
  Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-6)”, 23 September 2025 (XML),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.xml
  non-normative HTML presentation:
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.html
[SIL-Ethnologue]
  David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as
  https://www.ethnologue.com
[Unicode 16.0.0]
  The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0, (South San Francisco: The Unicode Consortium, 2024. ISBN 978-1-936213-34-4)
  https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/

For references consulted, particularly in designing the repertoire for the Gujarati script for the Root Zone, please see details in the Table of References below. Reference [0] refers to the Unicode Standard version in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. Reference [101] corresponds to a source given in [Proposal-Gujarati] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

# Repertoire

## Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire | 65
Longest code point sequence | 1

## Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point | Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
U+0A82 | ં | Gujarati | GUJARATI SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [101] | Anusvara | follows-V-C-N-or-M |
U+0A83 | ઃ | Gujarati | GUJARATI SIGN VISARGA | [0], [101] | Visarga | follows-V-C-N-or-M |
U+0A85 | અ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER A | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A86 | આ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER AA | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A87 | ઇ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER I | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A88 | ઈ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER II | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A89 | ઉ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER U | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A8A | ઊ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER UU | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A8B | ઋ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A8C | ઌ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER VOCALIC L | [6], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A8D | ઍ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL CANDRA E | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A8F | એ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER E | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A90 | ઐ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER AI | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A91 | ઑ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL CANDRA O | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A93 | ઓ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER O | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A94 | ઔ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER AU | [0], [101] | Vowel |  |
U+0A95 | ક | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER KA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant |  |
U+0A96 | ખ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER KHA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant |  |
U+0A97 | ગ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER GA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant |  |
U+0A98 | ઘ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER GHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0A99 | ઙ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER NGA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0A9A | ચ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER CA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0A9B | છ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER CHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0A9C | જ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER JA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant |  |
U+0A9D | ઝ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER JHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0A9E | ઞ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER NYA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0A9F | ટ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER TTA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA0 | ઠ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER TTHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA1 | ડ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER DDA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA2 | ઢ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER DDHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA3 | ણ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER NNA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA4 | ત | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER TA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA5 | થ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER THA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA6 | દ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER DA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA7 | ધ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER DHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AA8 | ન | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER NA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AAA | પ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER PA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AAB | ફ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER PHA | [0], [101] | C1, Consonant |  |
U+0AAC | બ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER BA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AAD | ભ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER BHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AAE | મ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER MA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AAF | ય | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER YA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB0 | ર | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER RA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB2 | લ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER LA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB3 | ળ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER LLA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB5 | વ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER VA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB6 | શ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER SHA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB7 | ષ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER SSA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB8 | સ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER SA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0AB9 | હ | Gujarati | GUJARATI LETTER HA | [0], [101] | Consonant |  |
U+0ABC | ઼ | Gujarati | GUJARATI SIGN NUKTA | [0], [101] | Nukta | follows-specific-C |
U+0ABE | ા | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0ABF | િ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC0 | ી | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC1 | ુ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC2 | ૂ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC3 | ૃ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC4 | ૄ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC5 | ૅ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC7 | ે | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC8 | ૈ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0AC9 | ૉ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0ACB | ો | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0ACC | ૌ | Gujarati | GUJARATI VOWEL SIGN AU | [0], [101] | Matra | follows-C-or-N |
U+0ACD | ્ | Gujarati | GUJARATI SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [101] | Halant | follows-C-or-N |

Legend

Code Point
  A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
  The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
  Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
Name
  Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Ref
  Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
  LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
Required Context
  Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Comment
  The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.

# Variants

This LGR does not specify any variants.

# Classes, Rules and Actions

## Character Classes

Number of named classes | 5
Implicit (except script) | 3
Implicit defined by script tag | 1

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
C | Tag=Consonant | 34 | {0A95-0AA8 0AAA-0AB0 0AB2-0AB3 0AB5-0AB9} |  | Any Gujarati consonant
V | Tag=Vowel | 14 | {0A85-0A8D 0A8F-0A91 0A93-0A94} |  | Any Gujarati vowel letter
M | Tag=Matra | 13 | {0ABE-0AC5 0AC7-0AC9 0ACB-0ACC} |  | Any Gujarati vowel sign
N | Tag=Nukta | 1 | {0ABC} |  | The Gujarati Nukta
C1 | Tag=C1 | 5 | {0A95-0A97 0A9C 0AAB} |  | Consonants used with Gujarati Nukta
implicit | Tag=Anusvara | 1 | {0A82} |  | The character tagged as Anusvara
implicit | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0ACD} |  | The character tagged as Halant
implicit | Tag=Visarga | 1 | {0A83} |  | The character tagged as Visarga
implicit | Tag=sc:Gujr | 65 | {0A82-0A83 0A85-0A8D 0A8F-0A91 0A93-0AA8 0AAA-0AB0 0AB2-0AB3 0AB5-0AB9 0ABC 0ABE-0AC5 0AC7-0AC9 0ACB-0ACD} |  | Any character tagged as Gujarati

Legend

Members or Ranges
  Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
  A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
  An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.

## Whole Label Evaluation and Context Rules

Number of rules | 4
Used to trigger actions | 1
Used as context rule (C) | 3
Anchored context rules | 3

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger | Anchor | Used as Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
leading-combining-mark | `(start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]]` | ✔ |  |  |  | Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
follows-specific-C | `([:C1:])← ⚓︎` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 1: N must be preceded by a specific set of Cs
follows-C-or-N | `([:C:]|[:N:])← ⚓︎` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 2: Halant must be preceded by C or N; WLE 5: M: must be preceded by C or N
follows-V-C-N-or-M | `([:V:]|[:C:]|[:N:]|[:M:])← ⚓︎` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 3 and WLE 4: Visarga and Anusvara must be preceded by V, C, N or M

Legend

Used as Trigger
  This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
  This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
  This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
  A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓︎ - context anchor
  Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
  If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
  If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(... | ...) - choice
  When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
  (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
[: :] - named or implicit character set
  Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
[\p{ }] - property
  Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
  Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
⍟ - default rule
  Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

## Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set |  | Disposition | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid |  | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid |  | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked |  | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
4 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable |  | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
5 | if any label (catch-all) |  | → | valid |  | catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
  In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
  Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: allocatable, blocked, out-of-repertoire-var. This is not necessarily an error.

# Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.

[0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
[6] | The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 4.0
[101] | Omniglot, “Gujarati” https://www.omniglot.com/writing/gujarati.htm (Accessed on 6 Jan. 2018)