Root Zone LGR for script: Malayalam (Mlym) | lgr-4-malayalam-script-05nov20-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date | 2020-11-05
LGR Version | 4
Language | und-Mlym
Scope | domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version | 6.3.0

## Table of Contents

# 1 Description

# Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Malayalam script

## Overview

This file contains Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Malayalam script for the Root zone. For details on the development of this LGR and additional background on the script, see "Proposal for a Malayalam Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)" [Proposal-Malayalam]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-4]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

## Repertoire

The repertoire contains 70 code points for letters used in the Malayalam language in addition to 10 sequences used in defining variants, bringing the total repertoire entries to 80.

For more detail, see Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal-Malayalam].

The repertoire is based on [MSR-4], which is a subset of Unicode 6.3 [Unicode 6.3].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Code points outside the Malayalam script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type "out-of-repertoire-var". They do not form part of the repertoire.

Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see "References" below.

## Variants

This LGR defines in-script variants and cross-script variants as described in Section 6, "Variants", in "[Proposal-Malayalam]". One in-script variant is due to the multiple ways to write the conjunct “nta" in Malayalam. Cross-script variants are mainly defined for Tamil code points.

Variant Disposition: All variants are of type "blocked", making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier, the other one equivalent variant label should be blocked. There is no preference among these variants.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Context Rules for Variants: some of the variants defined in this LGR are "effective null variants", that is, some code points in the source map to "nothing" in the target with all other code points unchanged. (Because mappings are symmetric, it does not matter whether it is the forward or reverse mapping that maps to "null"). Such variants require a context rule to keep the variant set well-behaved. Symmetry requires the same context rule for both forward and reverse mappings.

In other cases, the sequences or code points making up source and target are constrained by context rules on the code points. In such a case, any variants require context rules that match the intersection between the contexts for both source and target; otherwise a sequence might be considered valid in some variant label when it would not be valid in an equivalent context in an original label.

## Character Classes

The basic characters in Malayalam are classified here into the following categories: Consonants, Vowels, Matra and Reordrant Vowel Diacritics, Halant, Visargam, Anusvaram and Chillu letters.

Consonant: Malayalam is written in an abugida script derived ultimately from Brahmi in which every consonant carries an inherent /a/. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

Vowels: Like consonants, the independent vowels can follow any other class of code points in a label.

Matra: Vowels other than the inherent vowel are written as vowel diacritics. They are referred to as Matras, when they follow consonants. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

Halant: A consonant can be combined with another consonant or conjunct using the halant encoded as U+0D4D (്) MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA. This strips off the implicit vowel. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

Anusvaram: In Malayalam, anusvara represented as U+0D02 (ം), simply represents a consonant /m/ after a vowel, though this /m/ may be assimilated to another nasal consonant. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

Visargam: The visarga represents a consonant /h/ after a vowel, and is transliterated as ḥ. Like the anusvara, it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

Chillu: Chillu letters, aka "Chillaksharam", represent pure consonants without any vowel sound. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

Reordrant: Vowel diacritics, part of which reorder around the preceding character or conjunct. More details in Sections 6.1 "In-script Variants" and 7.1.1 "Variables or definitions" of [Proposal-Malayalam].

## Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

### Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-4]. They are marked with ⍟. The default prohibition on leading combining marks is equivalent to ensuring that a label only starts with a consonant or vowel.

### Malayalam-specific Rules

There are constraints on the context for many of the character classes in Malayalam. A corresponding set of context and whole label rules has been formulated for LGR specification, as described in Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules" in [Proposal-Malayalam].

The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
X → Visarga
D → Chandrabindu
H → Halant
L → Chillu
R → Reordrant Matra

Note: the Reordrant Matras include one sequence. That requires an auxiliary rule R in addition to class R.

The rules are:

- 1. H: must be preceded by C or U+0D41 (ു)
- 2. M: must be preceded by C
- 3. B: must be preceded by C, V or M
- 4. X: must be preceded by C, V or M
- 5. L: cannot be preceded by B, X or H
- 6. A label does not begin with L

The following context rules apply to Consonants U+0D33 (ള) LLA and U+0D31 (റ) RRA as well as to sequences ending in these code points:

- 7. The character U+0D33 (ള) cannot immediately follow U+0D33 (ള), except as part of a defined sequence
- 8. The character U+0D31 (റ) cannot immediately follow U+0D31 (റ), except as part of a defined sequence

Note: the implementation of Rules 7 & 8 relies on the fact that a context rule is not evaluated between code points in the same sequence. For example, if a label contains two adjacent U+0D33 U+0D33 (ളള) surrounded by other code points , the two code points can only be interpreted as the sequence U+0D33 U+0D33 (ളള) because a singleton U+0D33 (ള) is not allowed to be followed by another U+0D33 (ള).

The following context rule applies to the sequence Chillu N + Halant (U+0D7B U+0D4D):

- 9. The sequence U+0D7B U+0D4D (ൻ്) must be preceded by C, L, M, V and must be followed by U+0D31 (റ)

The following context rules apply to variants:

- V1: A variant is defined when followed by U+0D31 (റ)
- V2: A variant preceded by 0D33+Halant or followed by R or Halant+0D33 is not defined
- V3: A variant preceded by 0D31+Halant or followed by R or Halant+0D31 is not defined

These rules ensure that the variant label sets are well-behaved in cases where variant sequences overlap.

Note: any sequences ending with 0D31 would overlap with the various variant sequences beginning with 0D31, therefore this LGR drops the 0D31 from the end of these sequences, but adds context rule V1, when="followed-by-0D31" instead. Because all the variants also end in 0D31, this results in the same generated variants as if the sequences had been defined with trailing U+0D31 (റ), but now the variants are well-behaved in all contexts.

More details in Section 6.1, "In-script Variants" and Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" of [Proposal-Malayalam]

There are a number of cross-script homoglyphs to U+0D31 (റ) RRA, which would interact with the definition of in-script sequences and variants, leading to unacceptable complexity. These variants would affect only labels made solely of letters RRA, and no other labels. Rule 8 already restricts labels consisting solely of copies of the letter RRA to either "റ" or "ററ", thus allowing only two such labels. The following rule disallows the remaining two possible labels, obviating any need to define these cross-script variants.

- 10. A label cannot consist solely of letters U+0D31 (റ) RRA

### Malayalam-specific actions

WLE rules 6 and 10 trigger Malayalam-specific actions to invalidate any original and variant labels not satisfying the constraints. See Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules" in [Proposal-Malayalam].

## Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Malayalam script was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP) the members of which have experience in linguistics and computational linguistics in a wide variety of languages written with Neo-Brahmi scripts. Under the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, there are nine scripts belonging to separate Unicode blocks. Each of these scripts has been assigned a separate LGR, with the Neo-Brahmi GP ensuring that the fundamental philosophy behind building each LGR is in sync with all other Brahmi derived scripts. For further details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Malayalam], as well as [RZ-LGR-4-Overview].

### Changes from LGR-3

This LGR has been updated for LGR-4 to address an inconsistency involving the conjunct "nta" and to eliminate some potentially complex interactions with cross script variants. For the prior version see [RZ-LGR-3-Mlym].

1. Removed Chillu N from rule 1 and added a new context rule applied to the sequence Chillu N + Halant (U+0D7B U+0D4D):

   - 9. The sequence U+0D7B U+0D4D (ൻ്) must be preceded by C, L, M, V and must be followed by U+0D31 (റ)

   This change disallows some contexts that should not have been allowed for U+0D4D (്) when following U+0D7B (ൻ).

2. Added a new context rule applied to variants:

   - V1: A variant is defined when followed by U+0D31 (റ)

   The definition of the sequences to which this context rule applies has been changed by dropping the final U+0D31 (റ). This is an equivalent formulation. The change simplifies the formulation of other rules and variant definitions.

3. Added a new whole-label rule (and corresponding action):

   - 10. A label cannot consist solely of letters U+0D31 (റ) RRA

   This rule invalidates the two labels U+0D31 (റ) and U+0D31 U+0D31 (ററ), obviating the need to define certain cross-script variants for U+0D31 (റ)

Note: as result of the update, the LGR is slightly more restrictive.

## References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[MSR-4]
  Integration Panel, "Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-4 Overview and Rationale", 7 February 2018,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-4-overview-25jan19-en.pdf
[Proposal-Malayalam]
  Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, "Proposal for a Malayalam Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)", Updated 26 June 2020,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-malayalam-lgr-26jun20-en.pdf
[RFC 7940]
  Davies, K. and A. Freytag, "Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML", RFC 7940, August 2016,
  http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
  A. Freytag, "Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels", RFC 8228, August 2017,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-Overview]
  Integration Panel, "Root Zone Label Generation Rules - LGR-4: Overview and Summary", 01 March 2020 (PDF),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-overview-10jul19-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-4]
  Integration Panel, "Label Generation Rules for the Root Zone — LGR-4", 05 November 2020 (XML),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-common-05nov20-en.xml
  non-normative HTML presentation:
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-common-05nov20-en.html
[RZ-LGR-3-Mlym]
  ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Malayalam Script (und-Mlym), Version 3, 10 July 2019 (XML)
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-3-malayalam-script-10jul19-en.xml
[RZ-LGR-4-Overview]
  Integration Panel, "Root Zone Label Generation Rules - LGR-4: Overview and Summary", 05 November 2020 (PDF),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-overview-05nov20-en.pdf
[Unicode 6.3]
  The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
  http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Malayalam script for the Root Zone please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] to [9] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. Reference [106] corresponds to a source given in [Proposal-Malayalam] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

# 2 Repertoire

## Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire | 80
Out-of-repertoire variants | 7
Total entries in table | 87
Number of code points for each script |
Malayalam | 70
Oriya | 1
Tamil | 6
Number of code points | 77
Number of sequences | 10
Longest code point sequence | 4

## Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point | Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire | Variants | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
U+0B20 | ଠ | Oriya | ORIYA LETTER TTHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 1 | not part of repertoire
U+0B9C | ஜ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER JA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 2 | not part of repertoire
U+0BAE | ம | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER MA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 3 | not part of repertoire
U+0BB5 | வ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER VA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 4 | not part of repertoire
U+0BBF | ி | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 5 | not part of repertoire
U+0BC6 | ெ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN E | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 6 | not part of repertoire
U+0BC7 | ே | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN EE | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 7 | not part of repertoire
U+0D02 | ം | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [106] | Anusvaram | follows-C-V-or-M | ✔ |  |
U+0D03 | ഃ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN VISARGA | [0], [106] | Visargam | follows-C-V-or-M | ✔ |  |
U+0D05 | അ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER A | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D06 | ആ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AA | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D07 | ഇ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER I | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D08 | ഈ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER II | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D09 | ഉ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER U | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D0A | ഊ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER UU | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D0B | ഋ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D0E | എ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER E | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D0F | ഏ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER EE | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D10 | ഐ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AI | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D12 | ഒ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER O | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D13 | ഓ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER OO | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D14 | ഔ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AU | [0], [106] | Vowel |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D15 | ക | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D16 | ഖ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 4 |
U+0D17 | ഗ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER GA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D18 | ഘ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER GHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D19 | ങ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NGA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D1A | ച | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D1B | ഛ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D1C | ജ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 2 |
U+0D1D | ഝ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D1E | ഞ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NYA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D1F | ട | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TTA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D20 | ഠ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 1 |
U+0D21 | ഡ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DDA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D22 | ഢ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DDHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D23 | ണ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NNA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D24 | ത | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D25 | ഥ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER THA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 3 |
U+0D26 | ദ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D27 | ധ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D28 | ന | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D28 U+0D4D | ന് | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER NA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [106] | [Consonant] + [Halant] | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | set 8 |
U+0D2A | പ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER PA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D2B | ഫ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER PHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D2C | ബ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER BA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D2D | ഭ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER BHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D2E | മ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER MA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D2F | യ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER YA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D30 | ര | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER RA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D31 | റ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [0], [106] | Consonant | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ |  |
U+0D31 U+0D31 | ററ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA |  | [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 9 |
U+0D31 U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 | ററ്റ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA |  | [Consonant] + [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 10 |
U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 | റ്റ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 9 |
U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 U+0D31 | റ്ററ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 10 |
U+0D32 | ല | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D33 | ള | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [0], [106] | Consonant | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ |  |
U+0D33 U+0D33 | ളള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA |  | [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 11 |
U+0D33 U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 | ളള്ള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA |  | [Consonant] + [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 12 |
U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 | ള്ള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 11 |
U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 U+0D33 | ള്ളള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 12 |
U+0D34 | ഴ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LLLA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D35 | വ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER VA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D36 | ശ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SHA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D37 | ഷ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SSA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D38 | സ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D39 | ഹ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER HA | [0], [106] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0D3E | ാ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D3F | ി | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 5 |
U+0D40 | ീ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D41 | ു | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D42 | ൂ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D43 | ൃ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D46 | െ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | set 6 |
U+0D47 | േ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | set 7 |
U+0D48 | ൈ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D4A | ൊ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D4B | ോ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN OO | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D4D | ് | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [106] | Halant | follows-C-or-0D41 | ✔ |  |
U+0D57 | ൗ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM AU LENGTH MARK | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0D7A | ൺ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU NN | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ |  |
U+0D7B | ൻ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | set 8 |
U+0D7B U+0D4D | ൻ് | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA |  | [Chillu] + [Halant] | follows-C-L-M-V-and-followed-by-03D1 | ✔ | set 8 |
U+0D7C | ർ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU RR | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ |  |
U+0D7D | ൽ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU L | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ |  |
U+0D7E | ൾ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LL | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ |  |
U+0D7F | ൿ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU K | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ |  |

Legend

Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.

Code Point
  A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
  The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
  Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common. Sequences are annotated with a set of all distinct script values.
Name
  Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by “+”.
Ref
  Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
  LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view. For sequences, the tags for all member code points are shown for information; sequences as such do not have tags.
Required Context
  Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Variants
  Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment
  The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
✔ - core repertoire
  A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
✗ - out-of-repertoire
  A code point shown with ✗ is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.

# 3 Variant Sets

## Variant Set Summary

Number of variant sets | 12
Largest variant set | 3
Ordinary Variants by Type |
blocked | 28
Reflexive Variants by Type |
out-of-repertoire-var | 7

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and variant sets for each context are disjoint, but code points that have variants with multiple contexts are members of more than one set.

Common Legend

Source
  By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target
  By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph
  The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
→ - forward
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
← - reverse
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
↔ - both
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
≡ - reflexive
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type
  The type of the variant mapping. There are some predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”, while others are defined specifically for each LGR. A reflexive variant type “out-of-repertoire-var” designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries.
Required Context
  Link to the rule defining a required context the source must satisfy for the variant mapping to be defined. If prefixed by “not:”, identifies a context that must not occur.
Ref
  One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment
  A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

### Variant Set 1 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0B20 | ଠ | 0B20 | ଠ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0B20 | ଠ | 0D20 | ഠ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 2 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0B9C | ஜ | 0B9C | ஜ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0B9C | ஜ | 0D1C | ജ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 3 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0BAE | ம | 0BAE | ம | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0BAE | ம | 0D25 | ഥ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 4 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0BB5 | வ | 0BB5 | வ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0BB5 | வ | 0D16 | ഖ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 5 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0BBF | ி | 0BBF | ி | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0BBF | ி | 0D3F | ി | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 6 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0BC6 | ெ | 0BC6 | ெ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0BC6 | ெ | 0D46 | െ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 7 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0BC7 | ே | 0BC7 | ே | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out of repertoire
0BC7 | ே | 0D47 | േ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph

### Variant Set 8 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0D28 0D4D | ന് | 0D7B | ൻ | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 |  |
0D28 0D4D | ന് | 0D7B 0D4D | ൻ് | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 |  |
0D7B | ൻ | 0D7B 0D4D | ൻ് | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 |  |

### Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0D31 0D31 | ററ | 0D31 0D4D 0D31 | റ്റ | ↔ | blocked | not: follows-0D31-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D31-or-R |  |

### Variant Set 10 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0D31 0D31 0D4D 0D31 | ററ്റ | 0D31 0D4D 0D31 0D31 | റ്ററ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-R |  |

### Variant Set 11 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0D33 0D33 | ളള | 0D33 0D4D 0D33 | ള്ള | ↔ | blocked | not: follows-0D33-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D33-or-R |  |

### Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0D33 0D33 0D4D 0D33 | ളള്ള | 0D33 0D4D 0D33 0D33 | ള്ളള | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-R |  |

# 4 Classes, Rules and Actions

## 4.1 Character Classes

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
C | Tag=Consonant | 36 | {0D15-0D28 0D2A-0D39} |  | Any consonant
V | Tag=Vowel | 13 | {0D05-0D0B 0D0E-0D10 0D12-0D14} |  | Any Malayalam independent vowel
M | Tag=Matra | 12 | {0D3E-0D43 0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B 0D57} |  | Any Malayalam vowel sign (matra)
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0D4D} |  | The Malayalam Halant/Virama
B | Tag=Anusvaram | 1 | {0D02} |  | The Malayalam Anusvaram
X | Tag=Visargam | 1 | {0D03} |  | The Malayalam Visargam
L | Tag=Chillu | 6 | {0D7A-0D7F} |  | Any Malayalam chillu (consonant without any vowel sound)
R | Tag=R | 5 | {0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B} |  | Any Malayalam reordrant vowel sign
implicit | Tag=sc:Mlym | 70 | {0D02-0D03 0D05-0D0B 0D0E-0D10 0D12-0D28 0D2A-0D39 0D3E-0D43 0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B 0D4D 0D57 0D7A-0D7F} |  | Any character tagged as Malayalam
implicit | Tag=sc:Orya | 1 | {0B20} |  | Any character tagged as Oriya
implicit | Tag=sc:Taml | 6 | {0B9C 0BAE 0BB5 0BBF 0BC6-0BC7} |  | Any character tagged as Tamil

Legend

Members or Ranges
  Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
  A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
  An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value for which there is no named equivalent.

## 4.2 Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger | Anchor | Used as Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
leading-combining-mark | `(start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]]` | ✔ |  |  |  | Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
follows-C-or-0D41 | `([:C:]|\u0D41)← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 1: Rule 1: H must be preceded by C or 0D41
follows-C | `([:C:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 2: M must be preceded by C
follows-C-V-or-M | `([:C:]|[:V:]|[:M:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 3: B must be preceded by C, V or M and WLE 4: X must be preceded by C, V or M
follows-B-X-or-H | `([:B:]|[:X:]|[:H:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 5: L cannot be preceded by B, X or H
begins-with-L | `(start)[:L:]` | ✔ |  |  |  | Section 7, WLE 6: Label does not begin with L
follows-0D33 | `(\u0D33)← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 7. The character ള (0D33) cannot immediately follow ള (0D33), except as part of a defined sequence
follows-0D31 | `(\u0D31)← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 8. The character റ (0D31) cannot immediately follow റ (0D31), except as part of a defined sequence
follows-C-L-M-V-and-followed-by-03D1 | `([:C:]|[:L:]|[:M:]|[:V:])← ⚓ →(\u0D31)` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 9: Sequence 0D7B 0D4D must be preceded by C, L, M, V and must be followed by റ (0D31)
reordrant-matra | `[:R:]|\u0D4D\u0D30` |  |  |  |  | Reordrant matras, including sequence U+0D4D U+0D30 (്ര)
followed-by-R | `⚓ →((:reordrant-matra:))` |  | ✔ | V |  | variant not defined if followed by reordrant matra
followed-by-0D31 | `⚓ →(\u0D31)` |  | ✔ | V |  | Section 6.1, V1: A variant is defined when followed by 0D31
follows-0D33-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D33-or-R | `((\u0D33\u0D4D)← ⚓)|(⚓ →(\u0D4D\u0D33|(:reordrant-matra:)))` |  | ✔ | V |  | Section 6.1, V2: variant not defined if preceded by 0D33+Halant or followed by Halant+0D33 or R
follows-0D31-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D31-or-R | `((\u0D31\u0D4D)← ⚓)|(⚓ →(\u0D4D\u0D31|(:reordrant-matra:)))` |  | ✔ | V |  | Section 6.1, V3: variant not defined if preceded by 0D31+Halant or followed by Halant+0D31 or R
only-RRA | `(start)\u0D31+(end)` | ✔ |  |  |  | Section 7, WLE 10: Labels consisting solely of the letter RRA are disallowed to limit cross-script interaction

Legend

Used as Trigger
  This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
  This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
  This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
  A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓ - context anchor
  Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
  If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
  If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(: :) - rule reference
  Non-recursive reference to a named rule.
(... | ...) - choice
  When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
  (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
*, +, ?, {n,m} - count operators
  * indicates 0 or more, + indicates one or more, and ? indicates up to one instance. {n,m} indicates at least n and at most m instances.
[: :] - named or implicit character set
  Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
[\p{ }] - property character set
  Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
  Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
⍟ - default rule
  Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

## 4.3 Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set |  | Disposition | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid |  | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 | if label matches | begins-with-L | → | invalid |  | Section 7, WLE 6: Label does not begin with L
3 | if label matches | only-RRA | → | invalid |  | Section 7, WLE 10: Label cannot contain only RRA
4 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid |  | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
5 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked |  | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
6 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable |  | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
7 | if any label (catch-all) |  | → | valid |  | catch all; default action ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
  In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
  Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

# 5 Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.

[0] | The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[9] | The Unicode Standard 5.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.1
[106] | Omniglot, "Malayalam (മലയാളം):" https://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm (Accessed on 5th July, 2018)