Root Zone LGR for script: Telugu (Telu) | lgr-4-telugu-script-05nov20-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date | 2020-11-05
LGR Version | 4
Language | und-Telu
Scope | domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version | 6.3.0

## Table of Contents

# 1 Description

# Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Telugu Script

## Overview

This file contains Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Telugu script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and its development, as well as background on the script, see "Proposal for a Telugu Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)" [Proposal-Telugu]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-4]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

## Repertoire

According to Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal-Telugu], the Telugu LGR contains 63 single code points. This LGR primarily caters to the Telugu language written using the Telugu script. Several other languages with [EGIDS] levels above 4 were also considered in the analysis.

The repertoire is based on [MSR-4], which is a subset of [Unicode 6.3].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Code points outside the Telugu script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type "out-of-repertoire-var". They do not form part of the repertoire.

Each code point is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see "References" below. Comments provide alternate names for some code points.

## Variants

According to Section 6, "Variants", in [Proposal-Telugu], this LGR defines cross-script variants which are "Confusing due to deviation from normally perceived character formations by larger linguistic community". These cases are not of mere visual similarity; they can cause confusion even to a careful observer and hence have been defined as variants. There are no in-script variants defined for Telugu.

Variant Disposition: All variants are of type "blocked", making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated any other equivalent label should be blocked. There is no preference among these variants.

This LGR does not define allocatable variants.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

## Character Classes

The Telugu orthography superficially resembles a series of circles and semi-circles. Most consonants carry a tick mark called ‘talakattu’. The writing system is classified as abugida type or alphasyllabary. The alphabet consists of vowels, consonants and modifiers. Each of these vowels and consonants has one or more secondary allographs.

Consonants: The Telugu consonants contain an implicit vowel /a/. More details in Section 3.5.4, "The Consonants" in [Proposal-Telugu].

Vowels and dependent vowel signs: There are fourteen vowel characters in the common inventory of which one is rarely used: U+0C0C (ఌ). It and the two obsolete vowels, U+0C60 (ౠ) and U+0C61 (ౡ), are excluded from this LGR. Each vowel, except U+0C05 (అ) has a dependent vowel sign, modifying the vowel of the consonant they follow. These signs may have different appearance depending on the size and shape of the consonant that functions as an anchor. More details in Section 3.5.1, "The vowels and vowel modifiers" in [Proposal-Telugu].

Anusvara or sunna: The Anusvara or sunna represents a homorganic nasal before the corresponding consonant and as a substitute to transcribe word final /mu/. Essentially, it substitutes a cluster of a Nasal Consonant+Halant before a consonant. More details in Section 3.5.2, "The Anusvara or sunna" in [Proposal-Telugu].

Visarga: Visarga denotes the glottal check.

Halant: A special sign is needed whenever the implicit vowel in the preceding consonant is stripped off. This symbol is known as the Halant. (Any vowel sign will also override the implicit vowel). More details in Section 3.5.1, "The vowels and vowel modifiers" in [Proposal-Telugu].

## Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

### Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-4]. They are marked with ⍟. The default prohibition on leading combining marks is equivalent to ensuring that a label only starts with a consonant or vowel.

### Telugu-specific Rules

These rules have been formulated so that they can be adopted for LGR specification.

The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra (Dependent vowel signs)
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara (Bindu)
X → Visarga
H → Halant / Virama

The rules are:

- 1. H: must be preceded by C
- 2. M: must be preceded by C
- 3. X: must be preceded by V, M or C
- 4. B: must be preceded by V, M or C
- 6. V: cannot be preceded by H

More details in Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" in [Proposal-Telugu]. The numbering of the rules given here, follows that document.

## Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Telugu script was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP) the members of which have experience in linguistics and computational linguistics in a wide variety of languages written with Neo-Brahmi scripts. Under the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, there are nine scripts belonging to separate Unicode blocks. Each of these scripts has been assigned a separate LGR, with the Neo-Brahmi GP ensuring that the fundamental philosophy behind building each LGR is in sync with all other Brahmi derived scripts. For further details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Telugu], as well as [RZ-LGR-4-Overview].

## References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
  Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,
  https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status
  (Accessed on 13 Nov. 2017)
[MSR-4]
  Integration Panel, "Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-4 Overview and Rationale", 7 February 2019,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-4-overview-25jan19-en.pdf
[Proposal-Telugu]
  Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Telugu Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)”, 7 June 2019,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-telugu-lgr-07Jun19-en.pdf
[RFC 7940]
  Davies, K. and A. Freytag, "Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML", RFC 7940, August 2016,
  http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
  A. Freytag, "Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels", RFC 8228, August 2017,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-4-Overview]
  Integration Panel, "Root Zone Label Generation Rules - LGR-4: Overview and Summary", 05 November 2020 (PDF),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-overview-05nov20-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-4]
  Integration Panel, "Label Generation Rules for the Root Zone — LGR-4", 05 November 2020 (XML),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-common-05nov20-en.xml
  non-normative HTML presentation:
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-common-05nov20-en.html
[Unicode 6.3]
  The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
  http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Telugu script for the Root Zone please see details in the Table of References below. Reference [0] refers to the Unicode Standard version in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [102] and above correspond to sources given in [Proposal-Telugu] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

# 2 Repertoire

## Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire | 63
Out-of-repertoire variants | 34
Total entries in table | 97
Number of code points for each script |
Kannada | 34
Telugu | 63
Longest code point sequence | 1

## Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point | Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire | Variants | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
U+0C02 | ం | Telugu | TELUGU SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [102], [103] | Anusvara | follows-V-M-or-C | ✔ | set 1 | = sunna
U+0C03 | ః | Telugu | TELUGU SIGN VISARGA | [0], [102], [103] | Visarga | follows-V-M-or-C | ✔ | set 2 |
U+0C05 | అ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER A | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 3 |
U+0C06 | ఆ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER AA | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 4 |
U+0C07 | ఇ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER I | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 5 |
U+0C08 | ఈ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER II | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 6 |
U+0C09 | ఉ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER U | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C0A | ఊ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER UU | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C0B | ఋ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C0E | ఎ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER E | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C0F | ఏ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER EE | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ |  |
U+0C10 | ఐ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER AI | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 7 |
U+0C12 | ఒ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER O | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 8 |
U+0C13 | ఓ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER OO | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 9 |
U+0C14 | ఔ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER AU | [0], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: follows-H | ✔ | set 10 |
U+0C15 | క | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER KA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C16 | ఖ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER KHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 11 |
U+0C17 | గ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER GA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 12 |
U+0C18 | ఘ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER GHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C19 | ఙ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NGA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C1A | చ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER CA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C1B | ఛ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER CHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C1C | జ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER JA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 13 |
U+0C1D | ఝ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER JHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 14 |
U+0C1E | ఞ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NYA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 15 |
U+0C1F | ట | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER TTA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 16 |
U+0C20 | ఠ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER TTHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 17 |
U+0C21 | డ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DDA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 18 |
U+0C22 | ఢ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DDHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 19 |
U+0C23 | ణ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NNA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 20 |
U+0C24 | త | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER TA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C25 | థ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER THA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 21 |
U+0C26 | ద | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 22 |
U+0C27 | ధ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER DHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 23 |
U+0C28 | న | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER NA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 24 |
U+0C2A | ప | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER PA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C2B | ఫ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER PHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C2C | బ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER BA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 25 |
U+0C2D | భ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER BHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 26 |
U+0C2E | మ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER MA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 27 |
U+0C2F | య | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER YA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 28 |
U+0C30 | ర | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER RA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 29 |
U+0C32 | ల | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER LA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 30 |
U+0C33 | ళ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER LLA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 31 |
U+0C35 | వ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER VA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C36 | శ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER SHA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C37 | ష | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER SSA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C38 | స | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER SA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C39 | హ | Telugu | TELUGU LETTER HA | [0], [102], [103] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  |
U+0C3E | ా | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C3F | ి | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 32 |
U+0C40 | ీ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C41 | ు | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 33 |
U+0C42 | ూ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C43 | ృ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 34 |
U+0C44 | ౄ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C46 | ె | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C47 | ే | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN EE | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C48 | ై | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C4A | ొ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C4B | ో | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN OO | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C4C | ౌ | Telugu | TELUGU VOWEL SIGN AU | [0], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ |  |
U+0C4D | ్ | Telugu | TELUGU SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [102], [103] | Halant | follows-C | ✔ |  | = halant
U+0C82 | ಂ | Kannada | KANNADA SIGN ANUSVARA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 1 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C83 | ಃ | Kannada | KANNADA SIGN VISARGA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 2 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C85 | ಅ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER A | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 3 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C86 | ಆ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER AA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 4 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C87 | ಇ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 5 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C88 | ಈ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER II | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 6 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C90 | ಐ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER AI | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 7 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C92 | ಒ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER O | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 8 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C93 | ಓ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER OO | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 9 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C94 | ಔ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER AU | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 10 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C96 | ಖ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER KHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 11 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C97 | ಗ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER GA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 12 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C9C | ಜ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER JA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 13 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C9D | ಝ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER JHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 14 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C9E | ಞ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NYA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 15 | Not part of repertoire
U+0C9F | ಟ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER TTA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 16 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA0 | ಠ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER TTHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 17 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA1 | ಡ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DDA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 18 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA2 | ಢ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DDHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 19 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA3 | ಣ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NNA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 20 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA5 | ಥ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER THA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 21 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA6 | ದ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 22 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA7 | ಧ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER DHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 23 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CA8 | ನ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER NA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 24 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CAC | ಬ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER BA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 25 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CAD | ಭ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER BHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 26 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CAE | ಮ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER MA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 27 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CAF | ಯ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER YA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 28 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CB0 | ರ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER RA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 29 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CB2 | ಲ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER LA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 30 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CB3 | ಳ | Kannada | KANNADA LETTER LLA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 31 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CBF | ಿ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 32 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CC1 | ು | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN U | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 33 | Not part of repertoire
U+0CC3 | ೃ | Kannada | KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 34 | Not part of repertoire

Legend

Code Point
  A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
  The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
  Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
Name
  Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Ref
  Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
  LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
Required Context
  Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Variants
  Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment
  The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
✔ - core repertoire
  A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
✗ - out-of-repertoire
  A code point shown with ✗ is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.

# 3 Variant Sets

## Variant Set Summary

Number of variant sets | 34
Largest variant set | 2
Ordinary Variants by Type |
blocked | 68
Reflexive Variants by Type |
out-of-repertoire-var | 34

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.

Common Legend

Source
  By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target
  By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph
  The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
→ - forward
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
← - reverse
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
↔ - both
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
≡ - reflexive
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type
  The type of the variant mapping. There are some predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”, while others are defined specifically for each LGR. A reflexive variant type “out-of-repertoire-var” designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries.
Ref
  One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment
  A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

### Variant Set 1 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C02 | ం | 0C82 | ಂ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C82 | ಂ | 0C82 | ಂ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 2 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C03 | ః | 0C83 | ಃ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C83 | ಃ | 0C83 | ಃ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 3 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C05 | అ | 0C85 | ಅ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C85 | ಅ | 0C85 | ಅ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 4 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C06 | ఆ | 0C86 | ಆ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C86 | ಆ | 0C86 | ಆ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 5 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C07 | ఇ | 0C87 | ಇ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C87 | ಇ | 0C87 | ಇ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 6 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C08 | ఈ | 0C88 | ಈ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C88 | ಈ | 0C88 | ಈ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 7 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C10 | ఐ | 0C90 | ಐ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C90 | ಐ | 0C90 | ಐ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 8 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C12 | ఒ | 0C92 | ಒ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C92 | ಒ | 0C92 | ಒ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C13 | ఓ | 0C93 | ಓ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C93 | ಓ | 0C93 | ಓ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 10 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C14 | ఔ | 0C94 | ಔ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C94 | ಔ | 0C94 | ಔ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 11 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C16 | ఖ | 0C96 | ಖ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C96 | ಖ | 0C96 | ಖ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C17 | గ | 0C97 | ಗ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C97 | ಗ | 0C97 | ಗ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 13 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1C | జ | 0C9C | ಜ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C9C | ಜ | 0C9C | ಜ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 14 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1D | ఝ | 0C9D | ಝ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C9D | ಝ | 0C9D | ಝ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 15 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1E | ఞ | 0C9E | ಞ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C9E | ಞ | 0C9E | ಞ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 16 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C1F | ట | 0C9F | ಟ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0C9F | ಟ | 0C9F | ಟ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 17 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C20 | ఠ | 0CA0 | ಠ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA0 | ಠ | 0CA0 | ಠ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 18 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C21 | డ | 0CA1 | ಡ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA1 | ಡ | 0CA1 | ಡ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 19 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C22 | ఢ | 0CA2 | ಢ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA2 | ಢ | 0CA2 | ಢ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 20 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C23 | ణ | 0CA3 | ಣ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA3 | ಣ | 0CA3 | ಣ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 21 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C25 | థ | 0CA5 | ಥ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA5 | ಥ | 0CA5 | ಥ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 22 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C26 | ద | 0CA6 | ದ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA6 | ದ | 0CA6 | ದ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 23 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C27 | ధ | 0CA7 | ಧ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA7 | ಧ | 0CA7 | ಧ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 24 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C28 | న | 0CA8 | ನ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CA8 | ನ | 0CA8 | ನ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 25 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2C | బ | 0CAC | ಬ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CAC | ಬ | 0CAC | ಬ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 26 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2D | భ | 0CAD | ಭ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CAD | ಭ | 0CAD | ಭ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 27 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2E | మ | 0CAE | ಮ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CAE | ಮ | 0CAE | ಮ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 28 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C2F | య | 0CAF | ಯ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CAF | ಯ | 0CAF | ಯ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 29 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C30 | ర | 0CB0 | ರ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CB0 | ರ | 0CB0 | ರ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 30 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C32 | ల | 0CB2 | ಲ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CB2 | ಲ | 0CB2 | ಲ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 31 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C33 | ళ | 0CB3 | ಳ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CB3 | ಳ | 0CB3 | ಳ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 32 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C3F | ి | 0CBF | ಿ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CBF | ಿ | 0CBF | ಿ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 33 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C41 | ు | 0CC1 | ು | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CC1 | ು | 0CC1 | ು | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 34 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0C43 | ృ | 0CC3 | ೃ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0CC3 | ೃ | 0CC3 | ೃ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

# 4 Classes, Rules and Actions

## 4.1 Character Classes

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
C | Tag=Consonant | 34 | {0C15-0C28 0C2A-0C30 0C32-0C33 0C35-0C39} |  | Any Telugu consonant
V | Tag=Vowel | 13 | {0C05-0C0B 0C0E-0C10 0C12-0C14} |  | Any Telugu independent vowel
M | Tag=Matra | 13 | {0C3E-0C44 0C46-0C48 0C4A-0C4C} |  | Any Telugu vowel sign (matra)
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0C4D} |  | The Telugu Halant / Virama
implicit | Tag=Anusvara | 1 | {0C02} |  | The character tagged as Anusvara
implicit | Tag=Visarga | 1 | {0C03} |  | The character tagged as Visarga
implicit | Tag=sc:Knda | 34 | {0C82-0C83 0C85-0C88 0C90 0C92-0C94 0C96-0C97 0C9C-0CA3 0CA5-0CA8 0CAC-0CB0 0CB2-0CB3 0CBF 0CC1 0CC3} |  | Any character tagged as Kannada
implicit | Tag=sc:Telu | 63 | {0C02-0C03 0C05-0C0B 0C0E-0C10 0C12-0C28 0C2A-0C30 0C32-0C33 0C35-0C39 0C3E-0C44 0C46-0C48 0C4A-0C4D} |  | Any character tagged as Telugu

Legend

Members or Ranges
  Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
  A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
  An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value for which there is no named equivalent.

## 4.2 Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger | Anchor | Used as Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
leading-combining-mark | `(start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]]` | ✔ |  |  |  | Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
follows-C | `([:C:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 1: H must be preceded by a C; WLE 2: M must be preceded by C
follows-V-M-or-C | `([:V:]|[:M:]|[:C:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 3: Visarga must be preceded by V, M or C; WLE 4: Anusvara must be preceded by V, M or C
follows-H | `([:H:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 6: V cannot be preceded by H

Legend

Used as Trigger
  This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
  This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
  This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
  A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓ - context anchor
  Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
  If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
  If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(... | ...) - choice
  When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
  (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
[: :] - named or implicit character set
  Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
[\p{ }] - property character set
  Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
  Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
⍟ - default rule
  Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

## 4.3 Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set |  | Disposition | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid |  | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid |  | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked |  | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
4 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable |  | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
5 | if any label (catch-all) |  | → | valid |  | catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
  In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
  Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

# 5 Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.

[0] | The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[102] | Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (Ed.). 2000. Telugu bhaashaa charitra. Hyderabad: P.S. Telugu University. (first edition 1974)
[103] | Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju and J P L Gwynn. 1985. A Grammar of Modern Telugu. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-561664-4