Root Zone LGR for script: Devanagari (Deva) | lgr-4-devanagari-script-05nov20-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date | 2020-11-05
LGR Version | 4
Language | und-Deva
Scope | domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version | 6.3.0

## Table of Contents

# 1 Description

# Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Devanagari Script

## Overview

This file contains Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Devanagari script for the Root zone. For more details on this LGR and its development, as well as background on the script, see "Proposal for a Devanagari Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)" [Proposal-Devanagari]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-4]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

## Repertoire

The Root Zone LGR for the Devanagari script lists 83 single code points in addition to 27 sequences, bringing the total repertoire entries to 110. The two sequences U+0931 U+094D U+092F (ऱ्य) and U+0931 U+094D U+0939 (ऱ्ह) limit the character U+0931 ( ऱ ) DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA in its own specific context beyond which it does not stand by itself. Accordingly, while U+0931 (ऱ) is not listed by itself, it brings the total of distinct code points to 84.

A number of other sequences have been defined in connection with the definition of variants (see "Variants" below).

The repertoire includes code points used by languages written in Devanagari that fall within levels 1 to 4 on the [EGIDS] scale. Boro, Braj, Dhundari, Mundari, Kharia are additionally covered. Though listed as level 4 on the EGIDS scale, Saraiki is not covered, because the Devanagari script is "no longer in use" by the Saraiki community. A non-exhaustive list of languages using each code point can be found in the comments. For more details, see Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal-Devanagari].

The repertoire is based on [MSR-4], which is a subset of [Unicode 6.3].

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Code points outside the Devanagari script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type "out-of-repertoire-var". They do not form part of the repertoire.

Each code point is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see "References" below. For code points that are part of the repertoire, comments identify the languages using the code point.

## Variants

According to Section 6, "Variants", in [Proposal-Devanagari], this LGR defines variants which are "Confusing due to deviation from normally perceived character formations by the larger linguistic community" These cases are not of mere visual similarity as they involve some deviations from the widely accepted norms of Devanagari akshar formations. They can cause confusion even to a careful observer and hence have been defined as variants. They fall into three broad categories:

- Vowel/Vowel sign followed by Nukta
- Unique Vowels and Vowel Signs required for Kashmiri
- Variants based on Candrabindu and Candra Vowel Signs followed by Anusvara

In addition to these, cross-script variant analysis of Devanagari identified cross-script variants with the Gurmukhi and Bengali scripts. The analysis additionally found possible cross-script confusables that do not rise to the status of variants. They are listed in Appendix 1 of [Proposal-Devanagari].

Variant Disposition: All variants are of type "blocked"; labels that differ only by these variants are mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent label should be blocked.

This LGR does not define allocatable variants.

Context Rules for Variants: some of the variants defined in this LGR are "effective null variants", that is, some code points in the source map to "nothing" in the target with all other code points unchanged. (Because mappings are symmetric, it does not matter whether it is the forward or reverse mapping that maps to "null"). Such variants require a context rule to keep the variant set well behaved. Symmetry requires the same context rule for both forward and reverse mappings.

In other cases, the sequences or code points making up source and target are constrained by explicit context rules on the code points (or by implicit context rules defined for the adjacent code points). In such a case, any variants may require context rules that match the intersection between the effective contexts for both source and target; otherwise, a sequence might be considered valid in some variant label when it would not be valid in an equivalent context in an original label.

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

## Character Classes

Devanagari is an alphasyllabary and the heart of the writing system is the akshar. This is the unit which is instinctively recognized by users of the script. The writing system of Devanagari could be summed up as composed of Consonants, Halant, Vowels, Anusvara, Candrabindu, Nukta and Visarga.

Consonants: Devanagari consonants all contain an implicit schwa /ə/. To make a full syllable, consonants may be followed by certain code points from one or more of the other groups (see "WLE rules" below). See Section 3.3.1, "The Consonants" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

Halant: Because all consonants contain an implicit vowel schwa /ə/, a special sign is needed to denote that this implicit vowel is stripped off. This sign is the Halant, encoded as U+094D ( ् ) DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA. The Halant thus joins two consonants and creates conjuncts, which can be generally from 2 to 4 consonant combinations. In rare cases, it can join up to 5 consonants. However, this LGR will not enforce any length limit. See Section 3.3.2, "The Implicit Vowel Killer: Halant" in [Proposal-Devanagari].

Vowels and Matras: There are separate code points for vowels that are pronounced independently at the beginning of a syllable or after a vowel sound. To indicate a Vowel sound following a consonant other than the implicit shwa sound, a vowel sign (matra) is attached to the consonant. There is an equivalent matra for each vowel excepting U+0905 ( अ ) DEVANAGARI VOWEL A. See Section 3.3.3, "Vowels" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

Anusvara: The Anusvara shows a nasal at the end of a syllable. See Section 3.3.4, "The Anusvara" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

Candrabindu: A Candrabindu denotes nasalization of the preceding vowel. Present-day Hindi users tend to replace the Candrabindu by the Anusvara. See Section 3.3.5, "Nasalization: Candrabindu" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

Nukta: The nukta sign is placed below a certain number of consonants to represent sounds found only in words borrowed from Perso-Arabic, English and other non-Aryan sources. It is also placed under the consonants U+0921 ( ड ) and U+0922 ( ढ ) to indicate flapped sounds. Apart from this, the Santali language uses Nukta adjoined to certain vowels and vowel signs. See Section 3.3.6, "Nukta" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

Visarga: U+0903 ( ः ) DEVANAGARI SIGN VISARGA, representing an aspiration at the end of a syllable, is frequently used in Sanskrit. See Section 3.3.7, "Visarga and Avagraha" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

### Changes from LGR-3

A clerical error has been corrected in LGR-4: for code points in the V1 and M1 subsets, the character class names "Vowel" and "Matra" were incorrectly not capitalized. This had the effect of disallowing some labels containing an Anusvara, Candrabindu or Visarga together with the affected code points. From LGR-4 these labels are now reported as valid in accordance with [Proposal-Devanagari].

## Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules

### Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-4]. They are marked with ⍟. The default prohibition on leading combining marks is equivalent to ensuring that a label only starts with a consonant or vowel.

### Devanagari-specific Rules

These rules ensure that the Devanagari label conforms to akshar formation norms for the Devanagari script. These norms are exclusively presented as context rules.

The following symbols are used in the names and comments for WLE rules:

- C → Consonant
- M → Matra
- V → Vowel
- B → Anusvara (Bindu)
- D → Candrabindu
- X → Visarga
- H → Halant / Virama
- N → Nukta
- S → Eyelash Reph (C2HC3) where:
  - C2 is U+0931 (ऱ) DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA
  - H is U+094D (्) DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA
  - C3 comprises
    - U+092F (य) DEVANAGARI LETTER YA
    - U+0939 (ह) DEVANAGARI LETTER HA

The rules are:

- 1. N: must be preceded only by any of C1, V1 or M1
- 2. H: must be preceded by C or CN
- 3. M: must be preceded by C or CN
- 4. X: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 5. B: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 6. D: must be preceded by any of V, C, N or M
- 7. V: Can NOT be preceded by H

The following context rules are used for variants where a Nukta maps to a "null", or that are overlapped:

- Variant is not defined if followed by a Nukta
- Variant is not defined unless it is followed by V or C (including RRA) or end of label

See Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" of [Proposal-Devanagari].

## Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Devanagari script was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP) the members of which have experience in linguistics and computational linguistics in a wide variety of languages written with Neo-Brahmi scripts. Under the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, there are nine scripts belonging to separate Unicode blocks. Each of these scripts has been assigned a separate LGR, with the Neo-Brahmi GP ensuring that the fundamental philosophy behind building each LGR is in sync with all other Brahmi derived scripts. For further details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Devanagari], as well as [RZ-LGR-4-Overview].

## References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
  Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,
  https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status
  (Accessed on 13 Nov. 2017)
[MSR-4]
  Integration Panel, "Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-4 Overview and Rationale", 7 February 2019,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-4-overview-25jan19-en.pdf
[Proposal-Devanagari]
  Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Devanagari Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 22 April 2019,
  https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-devanagari-lgr-22apr19-en.pdf
[RFC 7940]
  Davies, K. and A. Freytag, "Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML", RFC 7940, August 2016,
  http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]
  A. Freytag, "Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels", RFC 8228, August 2017,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-4-Overview]
  Integration Panel, "Root Zone Label Generation Rules - LGR-4: Overview and Summary", 05 November 2020 (PDF),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-overview-05nov20-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-4]
  Integration Panel, "Label Generation Rules for the Root Zone — LGR-4", 05 November 2020 (XML),
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-common-05nov20-en.xml
  non-normative HTML presentation:
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-common-05nov20-en.html
[Unicode 6.3]
  The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
  http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Devanagari script for the Root Zone please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] to [11] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [100] and above correspond to sources given in [Proposal-Devanagari] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

# 2 Repertoire

## Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire | 110
Out-of-repertoire variants | 28
Total entries in table | 138
Number of code points for each script |
Bengali | 2
Devanagari | 83
Gurmukhi | 26
Number of code points | 111
Number of sequences | 27
Longest code point sequence | 4
Code points defined via sequence | 1

## Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

Some code points that may be part of a valid label under this LGR only occur as part of one or more sequences. Such code points are not listed individually in the table.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point | Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire | Variants | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
U+0901 | ँ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU | [0], [101], [102], [103], [105], [108], [110], [111], [112], [113] | Candrabindu | follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | ✔ | set 1 | Bodo, Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Santali, Sanskrit
U+0902 | ं | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Anusvara | follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | ✔ | set 2 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0903 | ः | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN VISARGA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Visarga | follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0905 | अ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER A | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0905 U+0901 | अँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER A + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU |  | [Vowel] + [Candrabindu] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 3 |
U+0905 U+0902 | अं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER A + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [105], [108] | [Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 4 |
U+0906 | आ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | V1, Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 5 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0906 U+0901 | आँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU |  | [V1, Vowel] + [Candrabindu] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 6 |
U+0906 U+0902 | आं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [105], [108] | [V1, Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 7 |
U+0906 U+093C | आ़ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA |  | [V1, Vowel] + [Nukta] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 5 |
U+0906 U+093C U+0901 | आ़ँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU |  | [V1, Vowel] + [Nukta] + [Candrabindu] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 6 |
U+0906 U+093C U+0902 | आ़ं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [105], [108] | [V1, Vowel] + [Nukta] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 7 |
U+0907 | इ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER I | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 8 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0908 | ई | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER II | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0909 | उ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER U | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 9 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+090A | ऊ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER UU | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+090B | ऋ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [101], [102], [103] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit
U+090D | ऍ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA E | [0], [101] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Hindi
U+090D U+0902 | ऍं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA E + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 10 |
U+090E | ऎ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT E | [0], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 11 | Kashmiri
U+090F | ए | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER E | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+090F U+0901 | एँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER E + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU |  | [Vowel] + [Candrabindu] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 10 |
U+0910 | ऐ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AI | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 11 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0911 | ऑ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O | [0], [100], [101], [102], [108], [112] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Kashmiri
U+0911 U+0902 | ऑं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 6 |
U+0912 | ऒ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT O | [0], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Kashmiri
U+0913 | ओ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER O | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | V1, Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 12 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0913 U+093C | ओ़ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER O + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA |  | [V1, Vowel] + [Nukta] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 12 |
U+0914 | औ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AU | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 13 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0915 | क | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER KA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0916 | ख | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER KHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0917 | ग | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER GA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ | set 14 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0918 | घ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER GHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 15 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0919 | ङ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+091A | च | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+091B | छ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+091C | ज | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER JA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+091D | झ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER JHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+091E | ञ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NYA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+091F | ट | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 16 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0920 | ठ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER TTHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 17 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0921 | ड | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DDA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0922 | ढ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DDHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ | set 18 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0923 | ण | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NNA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0924 | त | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER TA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0924 U+094D U+0924 | त्त | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER TA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER TA |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] |  | ✔ | set 19 | Sequence has cross-script variant
U+0925 | थ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER THA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0926 | द | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0927 | ध | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0928 | न | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER NA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+092A | प | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 20 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+092A U+094D U+091F U+093F | प्टि | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA + DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN I |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Matra] |  | ✔ | set 21 | Sequence has cross-script variant
U+092A U+094D U+091F U+0940 | प्टी | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA + DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN II |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Matra] |  | ✔ | set 22 | Sequence has cross-script variant
U+092A U+094D U+091F U+0946 | प्टॆ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA + DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT E |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Matra] |  | ✔ | set 23 | Sequence has cross-script variant
U+092A U+094D U+091F U+0947 | प्टे | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA + DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN E |  | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Matra] |  | ✔ | set 23 | Sequence has cross-script variant
U+092B | फ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER PHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | C1, Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+092C | ब | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER BA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+092D | भ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER BHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 24 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+092E | म | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER MA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 25 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+092F | य | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER YA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0930 | र | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER RA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0931 U+094D U+092F | ऱ्य | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER YA | [0], [102], [106], [107], [112], [113] | [Halant] + [Consonant] |  | ✔ |  | Section 7, Case of Eyelash Reph: To enable Eyelash Reph formation with Rra+Halanta+Ya and prevent stand-alone RRA from occurring; Konkani, Marathi, Nepali
U+0931 U+094D U+0939 | ऱ्ह | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA + DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA + DEVANAGARI LETTER HA | [0], [102], [106], [107], [112], [113] | [Halant] + [Consonant] |  | ✔ |  | Section 7, Case of Eyelash Reph: To enable Eyelash Reph formation with Rra+Halanta+Ha and prevent stand-alone RRA from occuring; Konkani, Marathi, Nepali
U+0932 | ल | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER LA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0933 | ळ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER LLA | [0], [102], [103], [110], [112], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Bodo, Konkani, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit
U+0935 | व | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER VA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 26 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0936 | श | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0937 | ष | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0938 | स | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER SA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0939 | ह | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER HA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [108], [113] | Consonant |  | ✔ | set 27 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+093A | ऺ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN OE | [11], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 2 | Kashmiri
U+093B | ऻ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN OOE | [11], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 28 | Kashmiri
U+093C | ़ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA | [0], [101], [105], [108], [109], [110], [111] | Nukta | follows-either-C1-V1-or-M1 | ✔ | set 29 | Bodo, Hindi, Kashmiri, Maithili, Santali, Sindhi
U+093E | ा | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | M1, Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 30 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+093E U+0901 | ाँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU |  | [M1, Matra] + [Candrabindu] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 31 |
U+093E U+0902 | ां | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [M1, Matra] + [Anusvara] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 28 |
U+093E U+093C | ा़ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA |  | [M1, Matra] + [Nukta] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 30 |
U+093E U+093C U+0901 | ा़ँ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA + DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU |  | [M1, Matra] + [Nukta] + [Candrabindu] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 31 |
U+093E U+093C U+0902 | ा़ं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [M1, Matra] + [Nukta] + [Anusvara] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 28 |
U+093F | ि | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 32 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0940 | ी | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 33 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0941 | ु | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0942 | ू | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ |  | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0943 | ृ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [101], [102], [103] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ |  | Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit
U+0945 | ॅ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E | [0], [100], [101], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 34 | = candra; Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Sanskrit
U+0945 U+0902 | ॅं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [Matra] + [Anusvara] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 1 |
U+0946 | ॆ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT E | [0], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 35 | Kashmiri
U+0947 | े | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [101], [102], [103], [105], [108], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 35 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0948 | ै | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [101], [102], [103], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 36 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+0949 | ॉ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O | [0], [100], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ |  | Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi
U+0949 U+0902 | ॉं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [Matra] + [Anusvara] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 31 |
U+094A | ॊ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT O | [0], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ |  | Kashmiri
U+094B | ो | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [101], [102], [103], [105], [108], [113] | M1, Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 37 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+094B U+093C | ो़ | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN O + DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA |  | [M1, Matra] + [Nukta] | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 37 |
U+094C | ौ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AU | [0], [101], [102], [103], [105], [108], [113] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 38 | Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+094D | ् | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [101], [102], [103], [105], [108], [113] | Halant | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ |  | = halant; suppresses inherent vowel: Most of the languages given in Section ‎3.2 of [Proposal-Devanagari].
U+094F | ॏ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AW | [11], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 38 | Kashmiri
U+0956 | ॖ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UE | [11], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 39 | Kashmiri
U+0957 | ॗ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UUE | [11], [105], [108] | Matra | follows-C-or-CN | ✔ | set 40 | Kashmiri
U+0972 | ॲ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA A | [9], [100], [102], [108], [112] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi
U+0972 U+0902 | ॲं | {Devanagari} | DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA A + DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA |  | [Vowel] + [Anusvara] | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 3 |
U+0973 | ॳ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER OE | [11], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 4 | Kashmiri
U+0974 | ॴ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER OOE | [11], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 7 | Kashmiri
U+0975 | ॵ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER AW | [11], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ | set 13 | Kashmiri
U+0976 | ॶ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER UE | [11], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Kashmiri
U+0977 | ॷ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER UUE | [11], [105], [108] | Vowel | not: preceded-by-H | ✔ |  | Kashmiri
U+097B | ॻ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER GGA | [8], [104] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Sindhi
U+097C | ॼ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER JJA | [8], [104] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Sindhi
U+097E | ॾ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER DDDA | [8], [104] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Sindhi
U+097F | ॿ | Devanagari | DEVANAGARI LETTER BBA | [8], [104] | Consonant |  | ✔ |  | Sindi
U+09AE | ম | Bengali | BENGALI LETTER MA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 25 | Not part of repertoire
U+09BF | ি | Bengali | BENGALI VOWEL SIGN I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 32 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A02 | ਂ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI SIGN BINDI | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 2 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A07 | ਇ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 21 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A08 | ਈ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER II | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 22 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A0F | ਏ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER EE | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 23 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A15 | ਕ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER KA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 26 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A17 | ਗ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER GA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 14 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A19 | ਙ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER NGA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 8 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A1C | ਜ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER JA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 19 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A1F | ਟ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER TTA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 16 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A20 | ਠ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER TTHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 17 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A24 | ਤ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER TA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 9 | Cross-script homoglyph
U+0A27 | ਧ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER DHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 20 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A2B | ਫ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER PHA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 18 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A2C | ਬ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER BA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 15 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A2E | ਮ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER MA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 24 | Cross-script homoglyph
U+0A35 | ਵ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER VA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 27 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A38 | ਸ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI LETTER SA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 25 | Cross-script homoglyph
U+0A3C | ਼ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI SIGN NUKTA | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 29 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A3F | ਿ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN I | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 32 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A40 | ੀ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN II | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 33 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A41 | ੁ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN U | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 39 | Cross-script homoglyph
U+0A42 | ੂ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN UU | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 40 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A47 | ੇ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN EE | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 35 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A48 | ੈ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN AI | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 36 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A4B | ੋ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI VOWEL SIGN OO | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 35 | Not part of repertoire
U+0A71 | ੱ | Gurmukhi | GURMUKHI ADDAK | [0] |  |  | ✗ | set 34 | Not part of repertoire

Legend

Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.

Code Point
  A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
  The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
  Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common. Sequences are annotated with a set of all distinct script values.
Name
  Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by “+”.
Ref
  Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
  LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view. For sequences, the tags for all member code points are shown for information; sequences as such do not have tags.
Required Context
  Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Variants
  Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment
  The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
✔ - core repertoire
  A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
✗ - out-of-repertoire
  A code point shown with ✗ is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.

# 3 Variant Sets

## Variant Set Summary

Number of variant sets | 40
Largest variant set | 4
Ordinary Variants by Type |
blocked | 122
Reflexive Variants by Type |
out-of-repertoire-var | 28

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and variant sets for each context are disjoint, but code points that have variants with multiple contexts are members of more than one set.

Common Legend

Source
  By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target
  By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph
  The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
→ - forward
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
← - reverse
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
↔ - both
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
≡ - reflexive
  Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type
  The type of the variant mapping. There are some predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”, while others are defined specifically for each LGR. A reflexive variant type “out-of-repertoire-var” designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries.
Required Context
  Link to the rule defining a required context the source must satisfy for the variant mapping to be defined. If prefixed by “not:”, identifies a context that must not occur.
Ref
  One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment
  A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

### Variant Set 1 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0901 | ँ | 0945 0902 | ॅं | ↔ | blocked | follows-C-or-CN |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 2 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0902 | ं | 093A | ऺ | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant
0902 | ं | 0A02 | ਂ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
093A | ऺ | 0A02 | ਂ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A02 | ਂ | 0A02 | ਂ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 3 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0905 0901 | अँ | 0972 0902 | ॲं | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 4 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0905 0902 | अं | 0973 | ॳ | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 5 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0906 | आ | 0906 093C | आ़ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-N |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 6 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0906 0901 | आँ | 0906 093C 0901 | आ़ँ | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant
0906 0901 | आँ | 0911 0902 | ऑं | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant
0906 093C 0901 | आ़ँ | 0911 0902 | ऑं | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 7 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0906 0902 | आं | 0906 093C 0902 | आ़ं | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-V-C-or-end |  | Devanagari variant
0906 0902 | आं | 0974 | ॴ | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-V-C-or-end |  | Devanagari variant
0906 093C 0902 | आ़ं | 0974 | ॴ | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-V-C-or-end |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 8 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0907 | इ | 0A19 | ਙ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A19 | ਙ | 0A19 | ਙ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0909 | उ | 0A24 | ਤ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A24 | ਤ | 0A24 | ਤ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 10 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
090D 0902 | ऍं | 090F 0901 | एँ | ↔ | blocked |  |

### Variant Set 11 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
090E | ऎ | 0910 | ऐ | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0913 | ओ | 0913 093C | ओ़ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-N |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 13 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0914 | औ | 0975 | ॵ | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 14 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0917 | ग | 0A17 | ਗ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A17 | ਗ | 0A17 | ਗ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 15 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0918 | घ | 0A2C | ਬ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A2C | ਬ | 0A2C | ਬ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 16 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
091F | ट | 0A1F | ਟ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A1F | ਟ | 0A1F | ਟ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 17 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0920 | ठ | 0A20 | ਠ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A20 | ਠ | 0A20 | ਠ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 18 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0922 | ढ | 0A2B | ਫ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A2B | ਫ | 0A2B | ਫ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 19 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0924 094D 0924 | त्त | 0A1C | ਜ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A1C | ਜ | 0A1C | ਜ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 20 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
092A | प | 0A27 | ਧ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A27 | ਧ | 0A27 | ਧ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 21 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
092A 094D 091F 093F | प्टि | 0A07 | ਇ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A07 | ਇ | 0A07 | ਇ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 22 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
092A 094D 091F 0940 | प्टी | 0A08 | ਈ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A08 | ਈ | 0A08 | ਈ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 23 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
092A 094D 091F 0946 | प्टॆ | 092A 094D 091F 0947 | प्टे | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant
092A 094D 091F 0946 | प्टॆ | 0A0F | ਏ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
092A 094D 091F 0947 | प्टे | 0A0F | ਏ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A0F | ਏ | 0A0F | ਏ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 24 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
092D | भ | 0A2E | ਮ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A2E | ਮ | 0A2E | ਮ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 25 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
092E | म | 09AE | ম | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
092E | म | 0A38 | ਸ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
09AE | ম | 09AE | ম | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
09AE | ম | 0A38 | ਸ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A38 | ਸ | 0A38 | ਸ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 26 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0935 | व | 0A15 | ਕ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A15 | ਕ | 0A15 | ਕ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 27 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0939 | ह | 0A35 | ਵ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A35 | ਵ | 0A35 | ਵ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 28 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
093B | ऻ | 093E 0902 | ां | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-V-C-or-end |  | Devanagari variant
093B | ऻ | 093E 093C 0902 | ा़ं | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-V-C-or-end |  | Devanagari variant
093E 0902 | ां | 093E 093C 0902 | ा़ं | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-V-C-or-end |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 29 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
093C | ़ | 0A3C | ਼ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A3C | ਼ | 0A3C | ਼ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 30 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
093E | ा | 093E 093C | ा़ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-N |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 31 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
093E 0901 | ाँ | 093E 093C 0901 | ा़ँ | ↔ | blocked |  |
093E 0901 | ाँ | 0949 0902 | ॉं | ↔ | blocked |  |
093E 093C 0901 | ा़ँ | 0949 0902 | ॉं | ↔ | blocked |  |

### Variant Set 32 — 3 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
093F | ि | 09BF | ি | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
093F | ि | 0A3F | ਿ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
09BF | ি | 09BF | ি | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
09BF | ি | 0A3F | ਿ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A3F | ਿ | 0A3F | ਿ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 33 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0940 | ी | 0A40 | ੀ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A40 | ੀ | 0A40 | ੀ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 34 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0945 | ॅ | 0A71 | ੱ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A71 | ੱ | 0A71 | ੱ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 35 — 4 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0946 | ॆ | 0947 | े | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant
0946 | ॆ | 0A47 | ੇ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0946 | ॆ | 0A4B | ੋ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0947 | े | 0A47 | ੇ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0947 | े | 0A4B | ੋ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A47 | ੇ | 0A47 | ੇ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire
0A47 | ੇ | 0A4B | ੋ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A4B | ੋ | 0A4B | ੋ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 36 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0948 | ै | 0A48 | ੈ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A48 | ੈ | 0A48 | ੈ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 37 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
094B | ो | 094B 093C | ो़ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-N |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 38 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
094C | ौ | 094F | ॏ | ↔ | blocked |  | Devanagari variant

### Variant Set 39 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0956 | ॖ | 0A41 | ੁ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A41 | ੁ | 0A41 | ੁ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

### Variant Set 40 — 2 Members

Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph |  | Type | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
0957 | ॗ | 0A42 | ੂ | ↔ | blocked |  | Cross-script homoglyph
0A42 | ੂ | 0A42 | ੂ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var |  | Out-of-repertoire

# 4 Classes, Rules and Actions

## 4.1 Character Classes

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
C | Tag=Consonant | 38 | {0915-0928 092A-0930 0932-0933 0935-0939 097B-097C 097E-097F} |  | Any Devanagari consonant
C1 | Tag=C1 | 9 | {0915-0917 091A-091C 0921-0922 092B} |  | Consonants followed by Devanagari Nukta
V | Tag=Vowel | 21 | {0905-090B 090D-0914 0972-0977} |  | Any Devanagari independent vowel
V1 | Tag=V1 | 2 | {0906 0913} |  | Vowels followed by Devanagari Nukta (Required for Santali language)
M | Tag=Matra | 19 | {093A-093B 093E-0943 0945-094C 094F 0956-0957} |  | Any Devanagari vowel sign (matra)
M1 | Tag=M1 | 2 | {093E 094B} |  | Matras followed by Devanagari Nukta (Required for Santali language)
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {094D} |  | The Devanagari Halant (VIRAMA)
N | Tag=Nukta | 1 | {093C} |  | The Devanagari Nukta
implicit | Tag=Anusvara | 1 | {0902} |  | The character tagged as Anusvara
implicit | Tag=Candrabindu | 1 | {0901} |  | The character tagged as Candrabindu
implicit | Tag=Visarga | 1 | {0903} |  | The character tagged as Visarga
implicit | Tag=sc:Beng | 2 | {09AE 09BF} |  | Any character tagged as Bengali
implicit | Tag=sc:Deva | 83 | {0901-0903 0905-090B 090D-0928 092A-0930 0932-0933 0935-093C 093E-0943 0945-094D 094F 0956-0957 0972-0977 097B-097C 097E-097F} |  | Any character tagged as Devanagari
implicit | Tag=sc:Guru | 26 | {0A02 0A07-0A08 0A0F 0A15 0A17 0A19 0A1C 0A1F-0A20 0A24 0A27 0A2B-0A2C 0A2E 0A35 0A38 0A3C 0A3F-0A42 0A47-0A48 0A4B 0A71} |  | Any character tagged as Gurmukhi

Legend

Members or Ranges
  Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
  A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
  An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value for which there is no named equivalent.

## 4.2 Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger | Anchor | Used as Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
leading-combining-mark | `(start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]]` | ✔ |  |  |  | Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟
follows-either-C1-V1-or-M1 | `([:C1:]|[:M1:]|[:V1:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 1: Rule for Nukta which restricts its preceding characters
follows-C-or-CN | `([:C:]|([:C:][:N:]))← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C, V |  | Section 7, WLE 2, 3: Halant or matra characters can only be preceded by consonant or a Nukta which is preceded by a consonant
follows-V-or-C-or-N-or-M | `([:V:]|[:C:]|[:N:]|[:M:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 4, 5, 6: Anusvara, Candrabindu or Visarga characters can only be preceded by either vowel or consonant or Nukta or matra
preceded-by-H | `([:H:])← ⚓` |  | ✔ | C |  | Section 7, WLE 7: A vowel is not allowed to follow an H
followed-by-N | `⚓ →([:N:])` |  | ✔ | V |  | Section 6.4.1, Variant Context Rule for Nukta: Variant not to be generated when followed by Nukta.
followed-by-V-C-or-end | `⚓ →([:V:]|[:C:]|\u0931|(end))` |  | ✔ | V |  | Section 6.1.2, Variant to be generateed when followed by V or C (including RRA) or end of label

Legend

Used as Trigger
  This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
  This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
  This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
  A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓ - context anchor
  Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
  If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
  If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(... | ...) - choice
  When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
  (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
[: :] - named or implicit character set
  Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
[\p{ }] - property character set
  Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
  Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
⍟ - default rule
  Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

## 4.3 Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set |  | Disposition | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid |  | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid |  | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked |  | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
4 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable |  | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
5 | if any label (catch-all) |  | → | valid |  | catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
  In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
  Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

# 5 Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.

[0] | The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[8] | The Unicode Standard 5.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.0
[9] | The Unicode Standard 5.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.1
[11] | The Unicode Standard 6.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 6.0
[100] | Devanāgarī VIP Team, "Variant Issues Report", ICANN 3 Oct. 2011, https://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/devanagari-vip-issues-report-03oct11-en.pdf (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017)
[101] | Omniglot, "Hindi", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017)
[102] | Omniglot, "Marathi", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/marathi.htm (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017)
[103] | Omniglot, "Sanskrit", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017)
[104] | Omniglot, "Sindhi", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017)
[105] | Omniglot, "Kashmiri", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm (Accessed on 10 Oct. 2017)
[106] | Unicode 10.0.0, "South and Central Asia-I - Official Scripts of India", Page 456 (R5 and R5a), http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ch12.pdf (Accessed on 13 Nov. 2017)
[107] | Unicode Indic Group, "Comments on PRI 65: Devanagari Eyelash Ra", L2/05-147, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05147-muller-pri65.pdf (Accessed on 13 Jun. 2019)
[108] | M.K. Raina, "How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari?", http://www.koshur.org/pdf/Let%20Us%20Learn%20Kashmiri.pdf (Accessed on 12 Dec. 2017)
[109] | Central Hindi Directorate-Ministry of HRD-Govt. of India, "Devanāgarī Alphabet and its Romanization", http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/hindi_orgin/devnagarithesysmbols.html (Accessed on 12 Dec. 2017
[110] | Omniglot, "Bodo", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bodo.htm (Accessed on 12 Dec. 2017)
[111] | Omniglot, "Maithili", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maithili.htm (Accessed on 12 Dec. 2017)
[112] | Omniglot, "Konkani", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/konkani.htm (Accessed on 20 May 2018)
[113] | Omniglot, "Nepali", https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm (Accessed on 20 May 2018)