Reference LGR for language: Ukrainian (uk) | lgr-second-level-ukrainian-language-18may21-en |
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This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2021-05-18 |
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LGR Version | 2 (Second Level Reference LGR) |
Language | uk (Ukrainian Language) |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules for Ukrainian using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.
Most references converge on 33 Cyrillic code points. There is some disagreement concerning U+044A (ъ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN and U+0451 (ё) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO. While CLDR considers U+0451 (ё) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO part of the main alphabet, these appear to be used in Russian words or names, not in Ukrainian words and names themselves. Both of these letters are part of the extended repertoire as defined here along with many letters used for Ukrainian. In Russian, the hard sign indicates the non-palatalization of a consonant preceding a morpheme beginning with a iotated vowel; in Ukrainian this function is met by the use of an apostrophe or of U+02BC (ʼ) MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE.
Note that, while U+02BC (ʼ) MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE is protocol valid (PVALID) in IDNA2008; other forms of apostrophes such as U+0027 (') APOSTROPHE or U+2019 (’) RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK are DISALLOWED. As [RFC6912] points out, in a public zone, many users may read U+02BC (ʼ) as indistinguishable from the regular apostrophe. Therefore, following the principle of conservatism, and in response to a comment made by the IAB during public Comments, the code point U+02BC (ʼ) is not included here.
An IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices for Ukrainian by .ua (Ukrainian cctld) in [700] contains many code points beyond what would be used in Ukrainian and even languages used in adjacent areas. Code points not corroborated by any other reference but used for Belarusian, Russian, and Moldovan have been added to the extended repertoire. South Slavic characters are excluded here.
For other IDNA TLD dedicated to Ukrainian: see .укр [YKP] and the IDNA table in [701]. That table shows a repertoire combining Russian and Ukrainian.
In Ukrainian, the acute accent may be used as a stress mark on the vowel of a syllable or to disambiguate between minimal pairs. However, as in Russian, it is restricted to dictionaries and educational materials. See Stress and Disambiguation in [ACUTE].
Letters documented in some references but not included:
U+02BC (ʼ) MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
U+0450 (ѐ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE WITH GRAVE
U+0452 (ђ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DJE
U+0453 (ѓ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GJE
U+0455 (ѕ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE
U+0458 (ј) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE
U+0459 (љ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LJE
U+045A (њ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NJE
U+045B (ћ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSHE
U+045C (ќ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KJE
U+045D (ѝ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
U+045F (џ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE
U+0430 U+0301 (а́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0435 U+0301 (е́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0438 U+0301 (и́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+043E U+0301 (о́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0443 U+0301 (у́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+044E U+0301 (ю́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+044F U+0301 (я́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0454 U+0301 (є́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0456 U+0301 (і́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0457 U+0301 (ї́) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI WITH ACUTE ACCENT
A number of letters not considered essential to writing the core vocabulary of the language are nevertheless in common use. Where they have not been added to the core repertoire, they are flagged as "extended-cp" in the table of code points. A context rule is provided that by default will prohibit labels with extended code points. To support extended single code points or code point sequences, delete the context "extended-cp" from their repertoire definition.
None.
Note: a study of a possible variant relationship concerning U+0433 (г) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE and U+0491 (ґ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN was undertaken in the context of Ukrainian by a Cyrillic case study team in [CYRILLIC-VIP] (page 6, section 3.2). The experts point to some instability concerning the encoding of the GHE WITH UPTURN and the possible confusion between the two code points by non-Ukrainian users. However, in the context of a Ukrainian LGR it does not seem necessary to establish such a variant relationship between these two code points.
This LGR defines no named character classes.
Common rules:
Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in section 4.2.3.1 of RFC5891 [120]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in section 4.2.3.2 of RFC5891 [120].
Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks and apostrophe modifiers.
This reference LGR for Ukrainian for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.
Language tag has been updated.
General reference for the language:
Shevelov, George Y. 1993. "Ukrainian", in Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett, eds. The Slavonic languages. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04755-2
Other references cited in this document:
In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references, (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.
Number of elements in repertoire | 44 | ||||
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Number of extended elements | 6 | ||||
Total entries in table | 50 | ||||
Number of code points for each script |
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Longest code point sequence | 1 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings or optional code points as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Required Context | Part of Repertoire |
Comment |
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U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | ✔ | ||
U+0430 | а | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0431 | б | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0432 | в | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0433 | г | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0434 | д | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0435 | е | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0436 | ж | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0437 | з | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0438 | и | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0439 | й | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+043A | к | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+043B | л | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+043C | м | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+043D | н | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+043E | о | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+043F | п | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0440 | р | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0441 | с | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0442 | т | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0443 | у | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0444 | ф | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0445 | х | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0446 | ц | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0447 | ч | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0448 | ш | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0449 | щ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+044A | ъ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN | [0], [130], [301], [402], [700], [701] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+044B | ы | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU | [0], [301], [402], [700], [701] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+044C | ь | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+044D | э | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E | [0], [301], [402], [700], [701] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+044E | ю | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+044F | я | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0451 | ё | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO | [0], [301], [402], [700], [701] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+0454 | є | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0456 | і | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+0457 | ї | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+045E | ў | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT U | [0], [700] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+0491 | ґ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700], [701] | ✔ | ||
U+04C2 | ӂ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE WITH BREVE | [0], [700] | extended-cp | ◯ |
This LGR does not specify any variants.
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
implicit | Tag=sc:Cyrl | 39 | {0430-044F 0451 0454 0456-0457 045E 0491 04C2} | Any character tagged as Cyrillic | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]] |
✔ | [120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎) |
✔ | C | [120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D (-) | |
extended-cp | (start)(end) |
C | code points from the extended range |
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid | |
2 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all (default action) |
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.
[0] | The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5) Any code point cited was originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1 |
[3] | The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5) Any code point cited was originally encoded in Unicode Version 3.0 |
[100] | Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), Ukrainian https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/ukrainian-lang-ref-table.txt |
[120] | RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |
[130] | RFC5992, section 2.7 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5992 |
[201] | Omniglot Ukrainian http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ukrainian.htm |
[301] | Everson, Michael, The Alphabets of Europe, Ukrainian http://evertype.com/alphabets/ukrainian.pdf |
[401] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository - CLDR Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Ukrainian [uk]- http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/uk.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters |
[402] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository - CLDR Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Ukrainian [uk]- http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/uk.html Code points cited are from the set of Auxiliary Letters |
[700] | Communication Systems Ltd (.ua Ukrain cctld), http://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/ua_cyrl_1.2.txt |
[701] | Ukrainian Network Information Centre (UANIC) .укр https://namestore.u-registry.com/Ukrainian_IDN_Table_v3.txt |