Reference LGR for language: Latvian (lv) | lgr-second-level-latvian-language-25oct24-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date | 2024-10-25
LGR Version | 3 (Second Level Reference LGR)
Language | lv (Latvian Language)
Unicode Version | 11.0.0

# Description

## INSTRUCTIONS

- These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
- As described the IANA procedure
  (https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure)
  an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:
  - Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
  - Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
  - Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
  - Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
- The following information is optional:
  - Document creation date
  - Applicable Domain(s)
  - Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting

Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before depositing the document in the IANA Repository.
(https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)

### Meta Data

Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.

`<version comment="`[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]`">`[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]`</version>`

`<date>`[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]`</date>`

`<validity-start>`[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]`</validity-start>`

Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.

`<scope type="domain">`[Please provide, in ".domain" format]`</scope>`

Registry Contact Information:

Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.

Change History

If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).

PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT

## Registry Contact Details

- Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
- Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
- Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]

# Label Generation Rules for Latvian

## Overview

This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Latvian language using a language-specific repertoire for the second level domain or domains identified above. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Latvian Language” [Ref-LGR-lv-Latn], for details, see Change History below.

Standalone LGR: This LGR is designed to be used in a zone that does not cater to IDNs other than those valid under this LGR. This LGR lacks features that would allow its use in the context of another LGR in the same zone, and it may contain other features incompatible with such use.

## Repertoire

Nearly all references converge on 39 Latin code points with no extensions or exclusions.

There is no IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices for the .lv ccTLD but the IDN extensions are spelled out in the registry’s policy [700]. They match the repertoire specified here.

### Excluded code points

None.

### Extended code points

None.

The four letters ‘q’, ‘w’, ‘x’ and ‘y’ are not part of the core alphabet for Latvian. However, they are included here as part of the core repertoire because of their use in representing foreign words, brand names and other common uses such as “www” in domain names. The two letters o-macron and r-cedilla which, while no longer part of the modern alphabet, are said to still be in use in the diaspora [605] and therefore included in the core repertoire.

## Variants

No variants are applicable when using the LGR in a standalone fashion.

## Character Classes

This LGR does not define named character classes.

## Rules

### Common Rules

By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.

- Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
- Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].

## Actions

This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].

## Methodology and Contributors

The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Latvian Language was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, including input by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.

### Changes from Version Dated 10 October 2016

Language tag has been updated.

### Changes from Version Dated 18 May 2021

Unicode Version has been updated.

### Changes from Version Dated 25 October 2024

Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Latvian Language [Ref-LGR-lv-Latn] without normative changes.

## References

General references for the language:

- Latvijas Valsts Standarts LVS 24-93, Informācijas tehnoloģija, valodas lietošana datoros: Latviešu valoda datoriem, 1993

- Turkina, E. 1982. Latviešu-angļu vārdnīca = Latvian-English dictionary. Rīga: Avots

- Wikipedia: “Latvian orthography”,
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_alphabet

- Omniglot: “Latvian (latviešu valoda)”
  https://www.omniglot.com/writing/latvian.htm

Other references cited in this document:

[RFC 7940]
  Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016,
  https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[Ref-LGR-lv-Latn]
  ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Latvian Language (lv-Latn), 25 October 2024 (XML)
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latvian-language-25oct24-en.xml
  non-normative HTML presentation:
  https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latvian-language-25oct24-en.html
[Unicode 11.0.0]
  The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1)
  https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [150] indicates the source for common rules. For more details, see the Table of References below.

# Repertoire

## Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire | 50
Number of code points for each script |
Latin | 39
Common | 11
Longest code point sequence | 1

## Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point | Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] | Common-digit |  | ⍟
U+0061 | a | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0062 | b | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER B | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0063 | c | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0064 | d | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER D | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0065 | e | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0066 | f | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER F | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0067 | g | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER G | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0068 | h | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0069 | i | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+006A | j | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER J | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+006B | k | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER K | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+006C | l | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER L | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+006D | m | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER M | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+006E | n | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER N | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+006F | o | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0070 | p | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER P | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0071 | q | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Q | [0], [302], [402], [600], [700] |  |  |
U+0072 | r | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0073 | s | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER S | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0074 | t | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER T | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0075 | u | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0076 | v | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER V | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0077 | w | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER W | [0], [302], [402], [600], [700] |  |  |
U+0078 | x | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER X | [0], [302], [402], [600], [700] |  |  |
U+0079 | y | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | [0], [301], [402], [600], [700] |  |  |
U+007A | z | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [700] |  |  |
U+0101 | ā | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+010D | č | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+0113 | ē | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+0123 | ģ | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+012B | ī | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+0137 | ķ | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+013C | ļ | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+0146 | ņ | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+014D | ō | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [402], [605], [700] |  |  |
U+0157 | ŗ | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA | [0], [100], [200], [301], [402], [605], [700] |  |  |
U+0161 | š | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+016B | ū | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |
U+017E | ž | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604], [700] |  |  |

Legend

Code Point
  A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
  The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
  Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
Name
  Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Ref
  Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags
  LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
Required Context
  Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Comment
  The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.

# Variants

This LGR does not specify any variants.

# Classes, Rules and Actions

## Character Classes

Implicit (except script) | 1
Implicit defined by script tag | 2

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
implicit | Tag=Common-digit | 10 | {0030-0039} |  | Any character tagged as Common-digit
implicit | Tag=sc:Latn | 39 | {0061-007A 0101 010D 0113 0123 012B 0137 013C 0146 014D 0157 0161 016B 017E} |  | Any character tagged as Latin
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} |  | Any character tagged as Common

Legend

Members or Ranges
  Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
  A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
  An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.

## Whole label evaluation and context rules

Number of rules | 3
Used to trigger actions | 1
Used as context rule (C) | 1
Anchored context rules | 1
Used only in another rule | 1

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger | Anchor | Used as Context | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
leading-combining-mark | `(start)[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]]` | ✔ |  |  | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟
hyphen-minus-disallowed | `((((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎))` |  | ✔ | C | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS ⍟
extended-cp | `(start)(end)` |  |  |  |  | context to gate off code points from the extended range, matches no label ⍟

Legend

Used as Trigger
  This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
  This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
  This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
  A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓︎ - context anchor
  Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(?<=...) - look-behind
  If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
(?=...) - look-ahead
  If present encloses required context following the anchor.
( ) - group
  An anonymous nested rule is used to group match operators.
(... | ...) - choice
  When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
^ or $ - start or end
  ^ matches the start of the label; $ matches the end of the label.
. - any code point
  . matches any code point.
[\p{ }] - property
  Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
[&&, -, ^] - set operators
  Sets may be combined by set operators (&& = intersection, - = difference, ^ = symmetric difference) or concatenated (union).
∅= - empty set
  Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
(^$) - empty label
  The regex (^$) matches the empty label. Used as a context rule, it always fails to match, thus disallowing the affected code point in any label. By convention, it is used for context rules that disable code points that are not part of the repertoire, yet explicitly listed in the LGR as excluded or for optional future extension.
⍟ - default rule
  Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Note: The following rules are defined but not used in this LGR: extended-cp.

## Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set |  | Disposition | Ref | Comment
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid |  | by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid
2 | if any label (catch-all) |  | → | valid |  | catch all

Legend

{...} - variant type set
  In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.

# Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.

[0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
[100] | Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), “IDN Reference table for Latvian language” https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/Latvian-lang-ref-table.txt accessed on 2016-10-16
[150] | RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891
[200] | ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters. This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z. Some obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
[301] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: “Latvian” https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/latvianc.pdf Code points cited form the standard set
[302] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: “Latvian” https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/latvianc.pdf Code points cited are from an extended set
[304] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: “Latvian” https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/latvianc.pdf Code points cited are rare or archaic
[401] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Latvian [lv] https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/lv.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters
[402] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Latvian [lv] https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/lv.html Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set
[600] | Table “Reduced usage of the letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A-Z) in various alphabets “ in Wikipedia: “Latin alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets accessed 2015-10-31. Code points cited are omitted from the basic Latin set A-Z according to the table.
[601] | Table “Reduced usage of the letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A-Z) in various alphabets “ in Wikipedia: “Latin Alphabets” in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets accessed 2015-10-31. Code points cited from the basic set from A-Z are included in the alphabet according to the table.
[604] | Wikipedia: “Latin Alphabets” in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets accessed 2015-10-31. The table only lists code points beyond A-Z
[605] | Wikipedia: “Latvian orthography” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_orthography Code points cited are cited for continued used in diaspora, but not part of modern alphabet in the country
[700] | IMCS UL Network Solutions Department (NIC - Network Information Centre) “Policy for acquisition of the right to use domain names under the top level domain .lv”. Riga, 2009-07-01, amended 2014-01-01 https://tūdaliņ.lv/resource/show/53