Reference LGR for language: Italian (it) | lgr-second-level-italian-language-18may21-en |
---|
This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2021-05-18 |
---|---|
LGR Version | 2 (Second Level Reference LGR) |
Language | it (Italian Language) |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules for Italian using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.
Most references converge on 38 Latin code points.
There is no IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices by a .it ccTLD, however, the investigation of the registration policy reveals that the registry permits a rather exhaustive set of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic code points. This makes it not suited for narrowing down the preferred code points for an LGR for the the Italian language.
Letters documented in some references but not included:
U+00DF (ß) LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
U+00E1 (á) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
U+00E3 (ã) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
U+00E4 (ä) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
U+00E5 (å) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
U+00E6 (æ) LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
U+00EB (ë) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
U+00F1 (ñ) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
U+00F5 (õ) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
U+00F8 (ø) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE
U+00FC (ü) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
U+00FF (ÿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
The five letters 'j', 'k', 'w', 'x' and 'y' are not part of the alphabet proper for Italian. However, they are included here as part of the core repertoire because of their use in representing loan words, place and brand names and other common uses such as "www" in domain names.
A number of letters not considered essential to writing the core vocabulary of the language are nevertheless in common use. Where they have not been added to the core repertoire, they are flagged as "extended-cp" in the table of code points. A context is provided that by default will prohibit labels with such extended code points. To support extended single code points or code point sequences, delete the context "extended-cp" from their repertoire definition.
In particular, any vowels with circumflex, other than U+00EE (î) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX are used rarely and have been marked as extended.
None.
This LGR defines no named character classes.
Common rules only:
Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in section 4.2.3.1 of RFC5891 [120]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in section 4.2.3.2 of RFC5891 [120].
Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks.
This reference LGR for Italian for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.
Language tag has been updated.
General references for the language:
Rebora, Piero. 1967. Cassell's Italian dictionary: Italian-English English-Italian. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 0-308-10020-4
Wikipedia: "Italian orthography",
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_alphabet
Omniglot: "Italian (italiano)"
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm
Reference on registration policy for .it ccTLD:
Registro.it, Linee Guida tecniche, Versione 2.1, November 3, 2014
http://www.nic.it/sites/default/files/docs/Linee_Guida_Tecniche_Sincrone_v2.1_0.pdf
In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.
Number of elements in repertoire | 49 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of extended elements | 4 | ||||
Total entries in table | 53 | ||||
Number of code points for each script |
|
||||
Longest code point sequence | 1 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings or optional code points as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Required Context | Part of Repertoire |
Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0061 | a | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0062 | b | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER B | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0063 | c | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0064 | d | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER D | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0065 | e | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0066 | f | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER F | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0067 | g | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER G | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0068 | h | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0069 | i | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+006A | j | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER J | [0], [100], [301], [401], [600] | ✔ | ||
U+006B | k | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER K | [0], [100], [301], [401], [600] | ✔ | ||
U+006C | l | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER L | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+006D | m | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER M | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+006E | n | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER N | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+006F | o | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0070 | p | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER P | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0071 | q | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Q | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0072 | r | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0073 | s | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER S | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0074 | t | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER T | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0075 | u | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0076 | v | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER V | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+0077 | w | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER W | [0], [100], [302], [401], [600] | ✔ | ||
U+0078 | x | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER X | [0], [100], [301], [401], [600] | ✔ | ||
U+0079 | y | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | [0], [100], [302], [401], [600] | ✔ | ||
U+007A | z | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601] | ✔ | ||
U+00E0 | à | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00E2 | â | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [302], [402] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00E7 | ç | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA | [0], [402], [603] | ✔ | ||
U+00E8 | è | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00E9 | é | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00EA | ê | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [302], [402] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00EC | ì | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00ED | í | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [402] | ✔ | ||
U+00EE | î | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [100], [302], [402], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00EF | ï | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [200], [301], [402] | ✔ | ||
U+00F2 | ò | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00F3 | ó | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00F4 | ô | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [302], [402] | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00F9 | ù | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [604] | ✔ | ||
U+00FA | ú | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [402] | ✔ | ||
U+00FB | û | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [302], [402] | extended-cp | ◯ |
This LGR does not specify any variants.
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
implicit | Tag=sc:Latn | 42 | {0061-007A 00E0 00E2 00E7-00EA 00EC-00EF 00F2-00F4 00F9-00FB} | Any character tagged as Latin | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]] |
✔ | [120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎) |
✔ | C | [120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D (-) | |
extended-cp | (start)(end) |
C | code points from the extended range |
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid | |
2 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all |
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR.
[0] | The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0,
(Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/ Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1 |
[100] | Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), "IDN Reference table for Italian language"
https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/italiann-lang-ref-table.txt |
[120] | RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |
[200] | ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information
technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters. This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z |
[301] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Italian" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/italian.pdf Code points cited form the standard set |
[302] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Italian" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/italian.pdf Code points cited are from an extended set |
[304] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Italian" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/italian.pdf Code points cited are rare or archaic |
[401] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) -
Locale Data Summary for Italian [it] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/it.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters |
[402] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) -
Locale Data Summary for Italian [it] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/it.html Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set |
[600] | Table "Reduced usage of the letters of the
ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A-Z) in various alphabets " in Wikipedia: "Latin alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets Code points cited are omitted from the basic Latin set A-Z according to the table. |
[601] | Table "Reduced usage of the letters of the
ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A-Z) in various alphabets " in Wikipedia: "Latin alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets Code points cited from the basic Latin set A-Z are included in the alphabet according to the table. |
[603] | ISO/IEC 646:1991 — Information
technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange Code points cited are supported in a national edition of ISO-646. |
[604] | Wikipedia: "Italian orthography" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_orthography |