Reference LGR for language: German (de) lgr-second-level-german-language-18may21-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date 2021-05-18
LGR Version 2 (Second Level Reference LGR)
Language de (German Language)
Unicode Version 6.3.0

Table of Contents

1 Description

Label Generation Rules for German

Overview

This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules for German using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.

Repertoire

All references converge on 30 Latin code points.

DENIC eG has published an extensive IDN character list used for the German(.de) ccTLD [700], and NIC.AT has deposited a more restrained Latin script IDN list for the Austrian(.at) ccTLD [701].

Excluded code points

Letters documented in some references but not included:

A few sources, among them [700], provide in their repertoire for code points from all the European languages, Danish, Polish, Turkish, Romanian, Czech and so on. These have been excluded.

Extended code points

A number of letters not considered essential to writing the core vocabulary of the language are nevertheless in common use. Where they have not been added to the core repertoire, they are flagged as "extended-cp" in the table of code points. A context rule is provided that by default will prohibit labels with extended code points. To support extended single code points or code point sequences, delete the context "extended-cp" from their repertoire definition.

The code points specified as extended are mostly those used for loanwords from French, which are accessible on German keyboards and commonly retained in spelling.

Variants

U+00DF (ß) LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S is used in Germany and Austria, but not in Switzerland, where the spelling "ss" is used instead. In addition, the letter is normally uppercased as "SS". This might suggest it as a candidate for a variant mapping. However, both the Latin Variant Issues Report [VIP] as well as DENIC, the operator of the .de ccTLD [SHARP-S] came to the conclusion that no variant mapping is warranted. This LGR therefore contains no variant mappings.

Character Classes

This LGR defines no named character classes.

Rules

Common rules only:

Actions

Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks.

Methodology and Contributors

This reference LGR for German for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.

Changes from Version 1

Language tag has been updated.

References

General references for the language:

In addition, the following references were consulted:

[SHARP-S]
DENIC eG "Update of DENIC Domain Guidelines effective 16 November 2010", Frankfurt am Main,
https://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/sharp-s.html
[VIP]
ICANN VIP Study Group for the Latin script, "Considerations in the use of the Latin script in variant internationalized top-level domains",
https://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/latin-vip-issues-report-07oct11-en.pdf

In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.

2 Repertoire

Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire 41
Number of extended elements 9
Total entries in table 50
Number of code points
for each script
Latin 39
Common 11
Longest code point sequence 1

Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings or optional code points as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code
Point		 Glyph Script Name Ref Required Context Part of
Repertoire		 Comment
U+002D - Common HYPHEN-MINUS [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] not: hyphen-minus-disallowed ✔  
U+0030 0 Common DIGIT ZERO [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0031 1 Common DIGIT ONE [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0032 2 Common DIGIT TWO [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0033 3 Common DIGIT THREE [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0034 4 Common DIGIT FOUR [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0035 5 Common DIGIT FIVE [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0036 6 Common DIGIT SIX [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0037 7 Common DIGIT SEVEN [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0038 8 Common DIGIT EIGHT [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0039 9 Common DIGIT NINE [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0061 a Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0062 b Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER B [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0063 c Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0064 d Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0065 e Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0066 f Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER F [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0067 g Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0068 h Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER H [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0069 i Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+006A j Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER J [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+006B k Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER K [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+006C l Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+006D m Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER M [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+006E n Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+006F o Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0070 p Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER P [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0071 q Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Q [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0072 r Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER R [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0073 s Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0074 t Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0075 u Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0076 v Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER V [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0077 w Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER W [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0078 x Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER X [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+0079 y Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+007A z Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Z [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701]   ✔  
U+00DF ß Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700]   ✔  
U+00E0 à Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00E2 â Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00E4 ä Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700], [701]   ✔  
U+00E7 ç Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00E8 è Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00E9 é Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE [0], [301], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00EA ê Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00F4 ô Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] extended-cp ◯  
U+00F6 ö Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700], [701]   ✔  
U+00F9 ù Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE [0], [402], [605], [700] extended-cp ◯  
U+00FB û Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [402], [605], [700] extended-cp ◯  
U+00FC ü Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700]   ✔  

Legend

Code Point
A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
Name
Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Ref
Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Required Context
Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Comment
The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
✔ - core repertoire
A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
◯ - extended repertoire
An open circle indicates a code point is part of an optional extended repertoire, which is normally disabled but could be supported by removing the relevant context restriction.

3 Variant Sets

This LGR does not specify any variants.

4 Classes, Rules and Actions

4.1 Character Classes

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name Definition Count Members or Ranges Ref Comment
implicit Tag=sc:Latn 39 {0061-007A 00DF-00E0 00E2 00E4 00E7-00EA 00F4 00F6 00F9 00FB-00FC}   Any character tagged as Latin
implicit Tag=sc:Zyyy 11 {002D 0030-0039}   Any character tagged as Common

Legend

Members or Ranges
Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.

4.2 Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name Regular Expression Used as
Trigger		 Anchor Used as
Context		 Ref Comment
leading-combining-mark (start)[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]] ✔     [120] RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks
hyphen-minus-disallowed (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎)   ✔ C [120] RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D (-)
extended-cp (start)(end)     C   code points from the extended range

Legend

Used as Trigger
This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓︎ - context anchor
Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind
If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead
If present encloses required context following the anchor.
(... | ...) - choice
When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end
(start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
. - any code point
. matches any code point.
[\p{ }] - property character set
Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
∅= - empty set
Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
(^$) - empty label
The regex (^$) matches the empty label. Used as a context rule, it always fails to match, thus disallowing the affected code point in any label. By convention, it is used for context rules that disable code points that are not part of the repertoire, yet explicitly listed in the LGR as excluded or for optional future extension.

4.3 Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# Condition Rule / Variant Set   Disposition Ref Comment
1 if label matches leading-combining-mark → invalid   by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid
2 if any label (catch-all)   → valid   catch all

Legend

{...} - variant type set
In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.

5 Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.

[0] The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/
Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
[100] Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), "IDN Reference table for German language"
https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/german-lang-ref-table.txt
[120] RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891
[200] ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters.
This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z
[301] Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "German"
http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/german.pdf
Code points cited form the standard set
[302] Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "German"
http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/german.pdf
Code points cited are from an extended set
[304] Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "German"
http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/german.pdf
Code points cited are rare or archaic
[401] The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for German [de]
http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/de.html
Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters
[402] The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for German [de]
http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/de.html
Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set
[603] ISO/IEC 646:1991 — Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
Code points cited are supported in a national edition of ISO-646.
[601] Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets
- accessed 2015-10-31
According to this reference, the alphabet is listed as using the full basic set A-Z
[604] Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets.
accessed 2015-10-31
The table only lists code points beyond A-Z
[605] Wikipedia: "German orthography"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography-Alphabet
Code points cited are listed as in extended use
[700] DENIC eG, "IDN Character List",
https://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idn-list.html
[701] NIC.AT, Latin script table for .at TLD,
https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/at_latn_1.0.txt