LGR for language dan-Latn — Danish

This document is mechanically formatted from the XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date	2016-08-30
LGR Version	1
Language	dan-Latn
Unicode Version	6.3.0

Description

Label Generation Rules for Danish

Overview

This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules for Danish using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.

Repertoire

Most references converge on 31 (29+2) Latin code points. In addition to the 29 letters of the alphabet proper, these include two letter used as part of the proper spelling of certain words: U+00E9 (é) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE and U+00FC (ü) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS. Both occur in spelling dictionaries and especially the former is used in many ordinary words. The repertoire here adds U+00E4 (ä) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS and U+00F6 (ö) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS, both of which are used in neighboring Sweden and Germany. Finally, the use of all three code points with diaresis, alone or together with code points from the core Danish alphabet such as U+00F8 (ø) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE is not uncommon in family names. All three are available on Danish keyboards.

There is no IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices by .dk ccTLD, but the registry provides IDN information [700].

Excluded code points

Letters documented in some references but not included:

U+00E0 (à) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
U+00E1 (á) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
U+00E2 (â) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+01FB (ǻ) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE AND ACUTE
U+00E7 (ç) LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
U+00E8 (è) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
U+00EA (ê) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00EB (ë) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
U+00ED (í) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
U+00EE (î) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00EF (ï) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
U+00F0 (ð) LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
U+00F1 (ñ) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
U+00F3 (ó) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
U+00F4 (ô) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00F9 (ù) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
U+00FA (ú) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
U+00FB (û) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00FD (ý) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
U+00FE (þ) LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN
U+00FF (ÿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
U+0153 (œ) LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
U+01FD (ǽ) LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH ACUTE
U+01FF (ǿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE AND ACUTE

The above list includes code points for languages like Faroese, which are written in territories associated with the country of Denmark, but that are not part of the Danish language.

Extended code points

None.

Variants

None.

Character Classes

This LGR defines no named character classes.

Rules

Common rules only:

Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in section 4.2.3.1 of RFC5891 [120]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in section 4.2.3.2 of RFC5891 [120].

Actions

Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks.

Methodology and Contributors

This reference LGR for Danish for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.

References

General references for the language:

Dansk sprognævn. 1996. Retskrivningsordbogen. 2. udgave. København: Aschehoug. ISBN 87-11-10000-1
Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992. Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1
Wikipedia: "Danish orthography",
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_alphabet
Sproget.dk, published in Danish as a co-operation between Kulturministeriets institutioner for sprog og litteratur, Dansk Sprognævn (DSN) and Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab (DSL). Section under "Råd og regler", "Retskrivningsregler", "Bogstaverne",
http://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/retskrivningsregler/retskrivningsregler/a7-1-6/a7-1-bogstaverne
Københavns Universitet. Afdeling for Navneforskning, "Navneforskning" (Department for Name Research, Copenagen University)
http://danskernesnavne.navneforskning.ku.dk accessed 2015-11-24
Omniglot: Danish (dansk)
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/danish.htm

In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.

Repertoire

Summary

Number of elements in Repertoire	44
Total entries in table	44
Longest code point sequence	1

Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

Code Point	Glyph	Script	Name	References	Tags	Required Context	Part of Repertoire
U+002D	-	Common	HYPHEN-MINUS	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy	not: hyphen-minus-disallowed	✔
U+0030	0	Common	DIGIT ZERO	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0031	1	Common	DIGIT ONE	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0032	2	Common	DIGIT TWO	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0033	3	Common	DIGIT THREE	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0034	4	Common	DIGIT FOUR	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0035	5	Common	DIGIT FIVE	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0036	6	Common	DIGIT SIX	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0037	7	Common	DIGIT SEVEN	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0038	8	Common	DIGIT EIGHT	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0039	9	Common	DIGIT NINE	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Zyyy		✔
U+0061	a	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0062	b	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER B	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0063	c	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0064	d	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0065	e	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0066	f	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER F	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0067	g	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0068	h	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER H	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0069	i	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+006A	j	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER J	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+006B	k	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER K	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+006C	l	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+006D	m	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER M	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+006E	n	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+006F	o	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0070	p	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER P	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0071	q	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Q	[0], [100], [301], [401], [502], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0072	r	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER R	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0073	s	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0074	t	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0075	u	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0076	v	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER V	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0077	w	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER W	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0078	x	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER X	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+0079	y	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y	[0], [100], [301], [401], [502], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+007A	z	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z	[0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00E4	ä	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [402], [503], [700]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00E5	å	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE	[0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [501], [603], [604], [700]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00E6	æ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER AE	[0], [100], [200], [401], [501], [603], [604], [700]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00E9	é	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE	[0], [100], [200], [301], [402], [502], [700]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00F6	ö	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [302], [402], [503], [700]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00F8	ø	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE	[0], [100], [200], [401], [501], [603], [604], [700]	sc:Latn		✔
U+00FC	ü	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [100], [302], [402], [503], [700]	sc:Latn		✔

Legend

Code Point: A code point or code point sequence.
Name: Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
Glyph: The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script: Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
References: Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags: LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
Required Context: Link to the rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by "not:", identifies a context that must not occur.
Comment: If the comment in this row consists only of the code point or sequence name it is suppressed in this view.
✔ - core repertoire: A check mark in the Part-of-Repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.

Variant Sets

This LGR does not specify any variants.

Classes, Rules and Actions

Character Classes

The following table lists all named classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name	Definition	Count	Members or Ranges	Ref	Comment
implicit	Tag=sc:Latn	33 Elements:	{0061-007A 00E4-00E6 00E9 00F6 00F8 00FC}
implicit	Tag=sc:Zyyy	11 Elements:	{002D 0030-0039}

Legend

Members or Ranges: Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt: A named class is defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit: An anonymous class implicitly defined class based on tag value.

Whole label evaluation and context rules

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point. (Any use of context rules for variants is not indicated).

Name	Used as Trigger	Used as Context	Anchor	Regular Expression	Ref	Comment
leading-combining-mark	✔			`(^[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}][∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]])`	[120]	RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks
hyphen-minus-disallowed		✔	✔	`((((?<=^)⚓)\|(⚓(?=$))\|((?<=^..\u002D)⚓)))`	[120]	RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D
extended-cp				`(^$)`		code points from the extended range

Legend

Used as Trigger: This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context: This rule defines a required context for a code point.
Anchor: This has a place holder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression: A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in the standard notation with some extensions as noted:
⚓ - context anchor: In a regex the ⚓ signifies a placeholder for the actual code point, when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(?<=...) - look-behind: If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
(?=...) - look-ahead: If present encloses required context following the anchor.
[\p{ }] - property character set: A character set defined by reference to a value for a given Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. A set defined via "\P" indicates the set complement.
[&&,-,^] - set operators: Sets may be combined by set operators (&& = intersection, - = difference, ^ = symmetric difference) or concatenated (union).
∅= - empty set: Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements are part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
(^$) - empty label: The regex (^$) matches the empty label. Used as a context rule, it always fails to match, thus disallowing the affected code point in any label. By convention, it is used for context rules that disable code points that are not part of the repertoire, yet explicitly listed in the LGR as excluded or for optional future extension.

Note: The following rules are defined but not used in this LGR: extended-cp.

Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels, based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

#	Condition	Rule / Variant Set		Disposition	Ref	Comment
1	if label matches	leading-combining-mark	→	invalid		by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid
2	if any label (catch-all)		→	valid		catch all

Legend

{...} - variant type set: In the "Rule/Variant Set" column the notation {...} means a set of variant types.

Table of References

[0]	The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, ( Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5) http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/ Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1
[100]	Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), "IDN Reference table for Danish language" https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/danish-lang-ref-table.txt
[120]	RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891
[200]	ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters. This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z
[301]	Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Danish" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/danish.pdf Code points cited form the standard set
[302]	Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Danish" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/danish.pdf Code points cited are from an extended set
[304]	Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Danish" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/danish.pdf Code points cited are rare or archaic
[401]	The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Danish [da] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/da.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters
[402]	The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Danish [da] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/da.html Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set
[501]	Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992. Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 1: Letters essential for the language
[502]	Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992. Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 2: Letters commonly used, but not essential
[503]	Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992. Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 3: Letters used for names, in common practice
[504]	Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992. Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 4: Letters that are rarely used
[601]	Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets accessed 2015-10-31 According to this reference, the alphabet is listed as using the full basic set A-Z
[603]	ISO/IEC 646:1991 — Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange Code points cited are supported in a national edition of ISO-646.
[604]	Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets. accessed 2015-10-31 The table only lists code points beyond A-Z
[700]	DK Hostmaster A/S "Tegnsæt for domænenavne" https://www.dk-hostmaster.dk/find-dk-domaenenavn/tegnsaet-for-domaenenavne/ Code points cited are the non-ASCII code points listed by the registry for .dk domain