This document is mechanically formatted from the XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2016-05-15 |
---|---|
LGR Version | 1 |
Language | bel-Cyrl |
Scope | domain: tld |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules for Belarusian using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.
This is a DRAFT document released for public comments and not final. Please see the announcement on the ICANN website for public comments on Second Level Reference LGRs for details on how to submit comments. Note: it is anticipated that any code points that were excluded but listed for review will be removed in the finalized version of this file unless their status is changed as result of public comments.
All references converge on 32 Cyrillic code points (23 +9 as defined by RFC 5992 [130]). One source [302], lists U+0449 (щ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA and U+044A (ъ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN as rare in Belarusian; these appear to be used in Russian words or names, not in Belarusian words and names themselves. In Russian, the hard sign indicates the non-palatalization of a consonant preceding a morpheme beginning with a iotated vowel; in Belarusian this function is met by the use of an apostrophe or of U+02BC (ʼ) (?) MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE.
Note that only U+02BC (ʼ) MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE can be used in IDNA context to designate an apostrophe in a label; other forms of apostrophes such as U+0027 (') APOSTROPHE or U+2019 (’) RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK are DISALLOWED.
There is an IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices for Belarus, not under '.by' (Belarus cctld) but in a new tld .бел also administered by Belarus, see [700]. The following text is excerpted from clause 7 from its General Provisions:
"A domain name in domain ".бел" must contain not less than two and no more than sixty three letters of Belarusian or Russian alphabet, numbers, symbols, "hyphen" ("-") and "apostrophe" (" ' "), it must not begin (end) with the symbol "hyphen" ("-") and (or) "apostrophe" (" ' "). When choosing a domain name one should consider writing of the domains on Russian and Belarusian."
This clearly calls for support of a combination of Belarusian and Russian in the extended set. Furthermore, it also calls for a rule concerning the position of apostrophe (again only the modifier version can be used in IDNA) within a label: neither leading nor ending.
The Acute accent may also be used as a stress mark on the vowel of a syllable or to disambiguate between minimal pairs. However, this is rare. See Stress and Disambiguation in [ACUTE].
There is some attested use of U+0438 (и) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I, U+0449 (щ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA, U+044A (ъ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN, and U+0491 (ґ) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN, but they seem to be only used as borrowed letters from Russian and/or Ukrainian. These 4 letters are part of the extended set.
All letters in some references but not included:
U+0430 (а) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0435 (е) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+043E (о) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0443 (у) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+044B (ы) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+044D (э) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+044E (ю) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+044F (я) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0451 (ё) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO WITH ACUTE ACCENT
U+0456 (і) 0301 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I WITH ACUTE ACCENT
For ease of review, these code points are listed in the repertoire below, but given an "excluded-cp" context that is empty and can never match any label, effectively excluding them from the LGR.
A number of letters not considered essential to writing the core vocabulary of the language are nevertheless in common use. Where they have not been added to the core repertoire, they are flagged as "extended-cp" in the table of code points. A context rule is provided that by default will prohibit labels with extended code points. To support extended single code points or code point sequences, delete the context "extended-cp" from their repertoire definition.
None.
Common rules:
Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in section 4.2.3.1 of RFC5891 [120]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in section 4.2.3.2 of RFC5891 [120].
Apostrophe Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of apostrophe modifier (no leading/ending apostrophe modifier). See General Provisions, clause 7 in [601].
Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks.
Variant-related actions included to facilitate integration as appropriate.
This reference LGR for Belarusian for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.
General references for the language:
Mayo, Peter. 1993. "Belorussian", in Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett, eds. The Slavonic languages. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04755-2
Ushkevich, Alexander, & Alexandra Zezulin. 1992. Byelorussian-English English Byelorussian dictionary with compete phonetics. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-87052-114-4
Other references cited in this document:
In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references, (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.
Number of elements in Repertoire | 44 |
---|---|
Number of extended elements | 4 |
Number of excluded elements | 10 |
Total entries in table | 58 |
Longest code point sequence | 2 |
Number of code points | 48 |
Number of sequences | 10 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where the comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | References | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire |
Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | sc:Zyyy | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+02BC | ʼ | Common | MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE | [0], [201], [301], [600], [700] | sc:Zyyy | not: apostrophe-modifier-disallowed | ✔ | |
U+0430 | а | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0430 U+0301 | а́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+0431 | б | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0432 | в | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0433 | г | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0434 | д | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0435 | е | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0435 U+0301 | е́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+0436 | ж | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0437 | з | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0438 | и | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | [0], [302], [700] | sc:Cyrl | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+0439 | й | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+043A | к | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+043B | л | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+043C | м | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+043D | н | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+043E | о | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+043E U+0301 | о́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+043F | п | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0440 | р | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0441 | с | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0442 | т | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0443 | у | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0443 U+0301 | у́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+0444 | ф | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0445 | х | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0446 | ц | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0447 | ч | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0448 | ш | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0449 | щ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA | [0], [302], [700] | sc:Cyrl | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+044A | ъ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN | [0], [302], [700] | sc:Cyrl | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+044B | ы | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+044B U+0301 | ы́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+044C | ь | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+044D | э | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+044D U+0301 | э́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+044E | ю | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+044E U+0301 | ю́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+044F | я | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+044F U+0301 | я́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+0451 | ё | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0451 U+0301 | ё́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+0456 | і | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0456 U+0301 | і́ | [0], [401] | excluded-cp | ✗ | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I WITH ACUTE ACCENT | |||
U+045E | ў | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT U | [0], [100], [130], [201], [301], [401], [700] | sc:Cyrl | ✔ | ||
U+0491 | ґ | Cyrillic | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN | [0], [204] | sc:Cyrl | extended-cp | ◯ |
Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.
This LGR does not specify any variants.
The following table lists all top-level classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
implicit | Tag=sc:Cyrl | 36 Elements: | {0430-044F 0451 0456 045E 0491} | ||
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 12 Elements: | {002D 0030-0039 02BC} |
The following table lists all the top-level, or named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point. (Any use of context rules for variants is not indicated).
Name | Used as Trigger |
Used as Context |
Anchor | Regular Expression | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | ✔ | (^[[\p{gc=Mn}][∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]) |
[120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | ✔ | ((((?<=^)⚓)|(⚓(?=$))|((?<=^..\u002D)⚓))) |
[120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D | |
apostrophe-modifier-disallowed | ✔ | ✔ | ((((?<=^)⚓)|(⚓(?=$)))) |
[700] | restrictions on placement of U+02BC | |
extended-cp | ✔ | (^$) |
code points from the extended range | |||
excluded-cp | ✔ | (^$) |
code points that are tentatively excluded |
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels, based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | labels with leading combining marks are invalid | |
2 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all (default action) |
[0] |
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5) Any code point cited was originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1 |
[100] | Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), Belarusian https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/belarusian-lang-ref-table.txt |
[600] | Wikipedia, hard sign http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_sign accessed 2015-10-31 Article provides evidence for the apostrophe modifier used as an hard sign |
[120] | RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |
[130] | RFC5992, Internationalized Domain Names Registration and Administration Guidelines for European Languages Using Cyrillic - section 2.3 Byelorussian https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5992 |
[201] |
Omniglot Belarusian http://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm Code points cited form the standard set |
[204] |
Omniglot Belarusian http://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm Code points cited are rare or archaic |
[301] |
Everson, Michael, The Alphabets of Europe, Belarusian http://evertype.com/alphabets/belarusian.pdf Code points cited form the standard set |
[302] |
Everson, Michael, The Alphabets of Europe, Belarusian http://evertype.com/alphabets/belarusian.pdf Code points cited are from an extended set |
[401] |
The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository - CLDR Version 28 (2015-09-16) - Locale Data Summary for Belarusian [be]- // http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/be.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters |
[700] |
The procedure for registering domains .by and .бел http://dotbel.by/en/documents/instruction-on-the-procedure-of-registration-of-domain-names-in-the-space-of-hierarchical-names-of-t/ Used for core and extended set as well as for the positional rule for the Apostrophe modifier |
[103] | Wikipedia, hard sign http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_sign accessed 2015-10-31 A Code point cited is included in the standard set |