Root Zone LGR for script: Latin (Latn) rz-lgr-5-latin-script-26may22-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date 2022-05-26
LGR Version 5 (Root Zone LGR for the Latin Script)
Language und-Latn (Latin Script)
Scope domain: "." (Root)
Unicode Version 11.0.0

Table of Contents

Description

Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script

Overview

This file contains Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Latin script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and additional background on the script, see “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone LGR” [Proposal-Latin]], including the appendices [Proposal-Latin-Appendices]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-5]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].

Repertoire

According to Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Latin], the repertoire contains the 197 code points needed to write hundreds of languages in the Latin script. An additional 7 code points are available as part of 21 explicitly defined combining sequences which form part of the repertoire. One additional in-script sequence is defined for use in variants. This results in a total of 219 repertoire elements.

The repertoire is based on [MSR-5], which is a subset of Unicode 11.0.0 [Unicode 11.0].

Each code point is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see “References” below. For code points that are part of the repertoire, comments identify the languages using it along with their [EGIDS] level.

Code points outside the Latin script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. They do not form part of the repertoire.

As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither decimal digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.

Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It

The Latin script is a major writing system of the world, and the most widely used in terms of the number of languages and speakers, with circa 70% of the world’s readers and writers making use of this script. From a list of 1,189 languages using the Latin script [Omniglot] the 212 languages that were taken into consideration contain all 182 languages with [EGIDS] level 1–4 together with many languages with EGIDS level 5, each spoken by more than 1 million estimated speakers. Altogether over 100 languages are cited here to justify specific additions to the repertoire, but many other languages may also be written using some subset of the repertoire of this LGR. In a few cases, code points were excluded in [MSR-5] due to security concerns; for the affected languages, only a subrepertoire could be supported. More details in Section 3, “Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It” of [Proposal-Latin].

Variants

According to Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Latin], this LGR defines the principles and methodology for developing both in-script and cross-scripts variants. The variant sets are defined in Section 6.3, “Variant Sets” and detailed analysis can be found in Appendix D of [Proposal-Latin]. See also Section 6.4, “Other Considerations for Variant Analysis”.

Variant Disposition: Except for limited exceptions for the variants defined for Latin Small Letter Sharp S and Latin Small Letter Dotless I all variants defined here result in a variant label disposition of “blocked”

The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Latin Small Letter Sharp S

In the case of U+00DF (ß) Latin Small Letter Sharp S used in German, the LGR includes the code point together with a variant relationship with the sequence of two letters “ss” (U+0073 U+0073), as described in Section 6.4.2, “IDNA2003 Compatibility” in [Proposal-Latin]. To reduce the number of allocatable labels in case the applied-for label contains multiple sharp s letters, the LGR defines special variant types and actions so that only two allocatable variants are allowed for each label: the label as applied-for (original label), and the label with only the sequence ss. Note that this restriction is independent of the restriction on variants of dotless i, see below, so that a total of up to four allocatable labels may exist.

Overlapped Variant Sequence: Both “ss” and “s” coexist in the repertoire and “s” has variant relationships on its own. These variants thus overlap: making the variant set well-behaved for index variant calculation requires that the sequence “ss” also be given variants to all permutations of variants for the letter s followed by itself, as well as all transitive variants due to other variants for U+00DF (ß).

Latin Small Letter Dotless i

The LGR defines a variant between U+0131 (Small Latin Letter Dotless i) and U+0069 (Small Latin Letter i) such that labels containing the any dotless i have allocatable variant labels that only have U+0069 (i), as described in Section 6.4.2, “IDNA2003 Compatibility” in [Proposal-Latin]. To reduce the number of allocatable labels in case the applied-for label contains multiple instances of dotless i, the LGR defines special variant types and actions so that only two allocatable variants are allowed for each label: the label as applied-for (original label), and the label with only dotted letters i. Note that this restriction is independent of the restriction on variants of sharp s, see above, so that a total of up to four allocatable labels may exist.

In-script Variant Mapping Types

U+00DF (ß) Sharp S has been given the reflexive variant type “r-eszett” and U+0131 (ı) Dotless i has been given the reflexive variant of type “r-dotless”. (By convention, the prefix “r-“ marks a type used in a reflexive variant mapping, that is, it represents an instance of the original code point at that location in a variant label, see Section 5.3.4 in [RFC 7940].)

The variant mapping from U+00DF (ß) Sharp S to “ss” is of type “eszett-to-ss”, while the variant type for the mapping from “ss” to Sharp S is “blocked”. The variant mapping from U+0131 (ı) Dotless i to “i” is of type “dotted”, while the variant type for the mapping from “i” to Dotless i is “blocked”. Special <action> elements defined for this LGR use these types to ensure the following restrictions. (See also “Latin-specific Actions” below.)

To limit the number of allocatable variants, a label is only allocatable when the variants for any U+00DF (ß) in the label are all “ss” ; or the variants for any Dotless i are all “i” ; or both; or when it is the original label as applied for. As a result of these actions, any label may result in at most four allocatable labels including the original label as applied-for. However, if it is applied for without Sharp S or Dotless i it will not result in any allocatable variant labels.

Cross Script Variants

The Latin script is closely related to the Greek and Cyrillic scripts, with a more distant relation to the Armenian script. These relationships give rise to shared forms that necessitate cross-script variants. A number of letter forms like “i”, “o” and “c” are rather generic in appearance and thus give rise to cross-script variant relations with otherwise unrelated scripts.

Where homoglyphs or near homoglyphs with Latin code points exist in other scripts, out-of-repertoire variants are defined with a comment “Cross-script homoglyph” or “Cross-script near homoglyph” respectively.

Because variant mappings, including cross-script variants, must be symmetric and transitive this LGR inherits additional blocked cross-script and in-script variants by integration; while not alwayas further identified, all such variants are listed here in full for ease of reference. However, always use the Common LGR [RZ-LGR-5] for determining cross-script collisions of labels.

In particular, the Latin LGR inherits a number in-script variants as result of integration, primarily due to variants with the Greek script. These variants are marked in comments as “Required for integration”.

For more details, see Section 6.3.2 “Cross-Script Variants” in [Proposal-Latin].

Overlapped sequence: one sequence with a variant “ss” is overlapped with a code point “s” that has a variant of its own. To ensure that the sets of variant labels are well-behaved, additional variant mappings had to be defined, including the following out-of-repertoire sequences: U+0455 U+0455 (ѕѕ), U+0D1F U+0D1F (ടട).

Character Classes

The LGR defines no character classes.

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context rules

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules

The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-5]. They are marked with ⍟.

Latin-specific Rules

This LGR does not define Latin-specific Whole Label Evaluation Rules.

Default Actions

The LGR includes the set of required default actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-5]. They are marked with ⍟.

Latin-specific Actions

The LGR contains additional Latin-specific actions as described in Section 6 of [Proposal-Latin]. These resolve the extended set of variant types into a disposition for variant labels of either “allocatable” or “blocked”. Latin-specific actions that are triggered by the LGR-specific variant types described above limit the “allocatable” variant labels to those containing only “ss” or dotted “i” variants or both, while disallowing mixed use of “ss” and “ß” or Dotless i and “i” respectively, except as in the original applied-for label. To account for original code points in a permuted variant, reflexive variant mappings with an “r-” prefix are used. (See [RFC 7940]).

Note that variant mapping types are not symmetric: they depend on which code point is considered the source or the target in a given mapping. As specified in [RFC 7940], mapping types are evaluated for each permutation of a label and its variants, with code points that are unchanged in a given label given the type of their “reflexive” mapping. The actions finally evaluate the collected set of mapping types and resolve them into one of two dispositions for the variant label. Per [RFC 7940] actions are always applied one after the other, and the evaluation stops at the first action that assigns a disposition to a given label.

For more information on how to assign a variant label disposition under this LGR, see Section 6.4.2, “IDNA2003 Compatibility” in [Proposal-Latin]. The specification of variants in the LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Methodology and Contributors

The Root Zone LGR for the Latin script was developed by the Latin Generation Panel. For additional detail on methodology and contributors see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Latin], as well as [RZ-LGR-5-Overview].

References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]
Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)
[MSR-5]
Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-5 Overview and Rationale”, 24 June 2021,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-5-overview-24jun21-en.pdf
[Omniglot]
Omniglot, “Writing Systems by Language”,
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/langalph.htm
(accessed on 13 January 2022)
[Proposal-Latin]
Latin Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-27jan22-en.pdf
[Proposal-Latin-Appendices]
Appendices to “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022 (ZIP),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-appendices-27jan22-en.zip
[RFC 7940]
Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940.
[RFC 8228]
A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-5-Overview]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022,
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-5]
Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-5)”, 26 May 2022 (XML),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-common-26may22-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-common-26may22-en.html
[SIL-Ethnologue]
David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as
https://www.ethnologue.com
[Unicode 11.0]
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1)
https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Latin script for the Root Zone please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] and up refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [101] and up correspond to a source given in [Proposal-Latin] for justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.

Repertoire

Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire 219
Out-of-repertoire variants 67
Total entries in table 286
Number of code points
for each script
Armenian 8
Cyrillic 28
Greek 22
Hebrew 2
Latin 197
Malayalam 2
Myanmar 2
Oriya 1
Number of code points 262
Number of sequences 24
Longest code point sequence 3
Code points defined via sequence 7

Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

Some code points that may be part of a valid label under this LGR only occur as part of one or more sequences. Such code points are not listed individually in the table.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code
Point
Glyph Script Name Ref Part of
Repertoire
Variants Comment
U+0061 a Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A [0], [99] set 1 Basic Latin
U+0061 U+0331 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER A + COMBINING MACRON BELOW [129], [146]   Nuer (4)
U+0062 b Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER B [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+0063 c Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C [0], [99] set 2 Basic Latin
U+0064 d Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+0065 e Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E [0], [99] set 3 Basic Latin
U+0065 U+0331 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW [146]   Nuer (4)
U+0066 f Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER F [0], [99] set 4 Basic Latin
U+0067 g Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G [0], [99] set 5 Basic Latin
U+0067 U+0303 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER G + COMBINING TILDE [142], [143] set 6 Guarani (1)
U+0068 h Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER H [0], [99] set 7 Basic Latin
U+0069 i Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I [0], [99] set 8 Basic Latin
U+0069 U+0331 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER I + COMBINING MACRON BELOW [146]   Nuer (4)
U+006A j Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER J [0], [99] set 9 Basic Latin
U+006B k Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER K [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+006C l Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L [0], [99] set 10 Basic Latin
U+006D m Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER M [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+006D U+0327 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER M + COMBINING CEDILLA [136], [213], [214]   Marshallese (1)
U+006E n Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N [0], [99] set 11 Basic Latin
U+006E U+0304 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING MACRON [136], [200], [213] set 12 Raga (Hano) (3), Marshallese (1)
U+006E U+0308 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING DIAERESIS [276]   Malagasy (1)
U+006F o Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O [0], [99] set 13 Basic Latin
U+006F U+0327 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING CEDILLA [136]   Marshallese (1)
U+006F U+0331 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW [129], [146]   Nuer (4)
U+0070 p Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER P [0], [99] set 14 Basic Latin
U+0071 q Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Q [0], [99] set 15 Basic Latin
U+0072 r Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER R [0], [99] set 16 Basic Latin
U+0072 U+0303 {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TILDE [147]   Hausa (2)
U+0073 s Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S [0], [99] set 17 Basic Latin
U+0073 U+0073 ss {Latin} LATIN SMALL LETTER S + LATIN SMALL LETTER S   set 18 Sequence added for variant mapping
U+0074 t Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+0075 u Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U [0], [99] set 19 Basic Latin
U+0076 v Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER V [0], [99] set 20 Basic Latin
U+0077 w Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER W [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+0078 x Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER X [0], [99] set 21 Basic Latin
U+0079 y Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y [0], [99] set 22 Basic Latin
U+007A z Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Z [0], [99]   Basic Latin
U+00DF ß Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S [0], [119] set 18 German (1)
U+00E0 à Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE [0], [106], [114], [130], [131], [132] set 23 Italian (1), French (1), Galician (2), Wolof (4)
U+00E1 á Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE [0], [100], [101], [102], [103], [105], [106], [107], [108] set 1 Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Lule Sami (2), Northern Sami (2)
U+00E2 â Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [106], [109], [110], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [275]   Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1), Skolt Sami (2), French (1), Galician (2), West Frisian (1), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
U+00E3 ã Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE [0], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145] set 24 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4)
U+00E4 ä Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS [0], [107], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129] set 25 German (1), Finnish (1), Turkmen (1), Estonian (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2), Yapese (2), Dinka (4), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4), Alsatian (5), Nuer (4)
U+00E5 å Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE [0], [107], [120], [123], [139], [140]   Danish (1), Finnish (1), Chamorro (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2)
U+00E6 æ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER AE [0], [102], [103], [139] set 26 Danish (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2)
U+00E7 ç Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA [0], [106], [114], [116], [121], [127], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161] set 27 Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Azerbaijani (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Bashkir (4)
U+00E8 è Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE [0], [114], [130], [175], [182], [183]   French (1), Italian (1), Afrikaans (1), Haitian Creole (1), French (1)
U+00E9 é Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE [0], [100], [101], [102], [105], [106], [114], [115], [117], [130], [132], [275]   French (1), Italian (1), Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4), Xavante (4), West Frisian (2)
U+00EA ê Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [109], [114], [115], [116], [158], [173], [174], [175]   French (1), Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), Kurdish (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4)
U+00EB ë Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS [0], [114], [115], [124], [126], [129], [132], [175], [176], [177], [179], [180] set 28 Afrikaans (1), Albanian (1), French (1), Uyghur (2), Yapese (2), Wolof (4), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
U+00EC ì Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE [0], [130], [206], [208]   Italian (1)
U+00ED í Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE [0], [100], [101], [102], [103], [106], [127] set 8 Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Galician (2), Bashkir (4)
U+00EE î Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [110], [114], [116], [158], [175]   Afrikaans (1), Romanian (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Friulian (4)
U+00EF ï Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS [0], [114], [115], [125], [126], [175] set 8 Afrikaans (1), French (1), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), West Frisian (2)
U+00F0 ð Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH [0], [102], [103]   Faroese (2), Icelandic (1)
U+00F1 ñ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE [0], [106], [127], [132], [136], [142], [143], [144], [149], [160], [197], [205], [221], [222], [223], [224], [225], [226], [227], [228], [229] set 12 Spanish (1), Fula (3), Chamorro (1), Filipino (1), Guarani (1), Chavacano (4), Basque (1), Galician (2), Iloco (3), Quechua (3), Cape Verdean Creole (4), Waray-Waray (3), Wolof (4), Nauruan (3), Lozi (4), Bashkir (4), Marshallese (1), Mandinka (5), Igbo (2)
U+00F2 ò Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE [0], [130], [182], [183] set 29 Italian (1), Haitian Creole (1)
U+00F3 ó Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE [0], [100], [101], [102], [105], [106], [132], [152] set 13 Spanish (1), Polish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4)
U+00F4 ô Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [106], [109], [114], [115], [116], [117], [173], [174], [175], [230], [275]   Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), French (1), Northern Sotho (1), West Frisian (2), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
U+00F5 õ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE [0], [113], [117], [122], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [275] set 30 Estonian (1), Skolt Sami (2), Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Xavante (4), Khoekhoe (4)
U+00F6 ö Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS [0], [115], [119], [120], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [129], [157], [175], [179], [180], [232] set 31 German (1), Finnish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), Uygur (2), Yapese (2), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), Bashkir (4), Chechen (2), 1992 Version, West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
U+00F8 ø Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE [0], [103], [139]   Danish (1), Faroese (2)
U+00F9 ù Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE [0], [114], [130], [206], [245], [246], [253] set 32 Italian (1), French (1), Papiamento (1)
U+00FA ú Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE [0], [100], [101], [102], [103], [105], [106], [115] set 19 Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), West Frisian (2), Galician (2)
U+00FB û Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [114], [115], [116], [158], [175], [202], [243]   Afrikaans (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Miskito (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4), Zazaki (4)
U+00FC ü Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS [0], [100], [106], [114], [119], [123], [126], [127], [157], [159], [161], [175], [179] set 19 German (1), Spanish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), French (1), Azeri (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Uygur (2), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4)
U+00FD ý Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE [0], [101], [102], [103], [121], [142], [143] set 33 Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Guarani (1)
U+00FE þ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN [0], [102]   Icelandic (1)
U+00FF ÿ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS [0], [114], [253], [257] set 34 French (1)
U+0101 ā Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON [0], [133], [134], [135], [136] set 24 Latvian (1), Tongan (1), Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1)
U+0103 ă Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE [0], [109], [110] set 35 Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1)
U+0105 ą Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK [0], [137], [138]   Polish (1), Lithuanian (1)
U+0107 ć Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE [0], [150], [151], [152] set 36 Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Polish (1)
U+0109 ĉ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [255]   Esperanto (3)
U+010B ċ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE [0], [163] set 36 Maltese (1)
U+010D č Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON [0], [108], [133], [150], [151], [153], [154]   Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1)
U+010F ď Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON [0], [101], [153]   Czech (1), Slovak (1)
U+0111 đ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE [0], [108], [109], [150], [151], [168]   Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Vietnamese (1), Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5)
U+0113 ē Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON [0], [133], [134], [135], [184] set 37 Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1), Minangkabau (5)
U+0117 ė Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE [0], [138], [154]   Lithuanian (1)
U+0119 ę Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK [0], [138], [152], [154], [185]   Polish (1), Palauan (2), Lithuanian (1)
U+011B ě Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON [0], [101], [172]   Czech (1), Sorbian (4)
U+011D ĝ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [255]   Esperanto (3)
U+011F ğ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE [0], [127], [157], [159], [201], [202] set 38 Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Zaza (5)
U+0121 ġ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE [0], [163] set 39 Maltese (1)
U+0123 ģ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA [0], [133], [168] set 39 Latvian (1), Brahui (5)
U+0125 ĥ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [255]   Esperanto (3)
U+0127 ħ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE [0], [163] set 40 Maltese (1)
U+0129 ĩ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE [0], [142], [143], [145], [186], [209] set 41 Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5)
U+012B ī Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON [0], [133], [134], [135], [138] set 41 Latvian (1), Lithuanian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1)
U+012F į Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK [0], [154]   Lithuanian (1)
U+0131 ı Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I [0], [157], [159], [201], [203] set 8 Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1)
U+0135 ĵ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [255]   Esperanto (3)
U+0137 ķ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA [0], [133]   Latvian (1)
U+013A ĺ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE [0], [153]   Slovak (1)
U+013C ļ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA [0], [133], [168], [213], [214]   Latvian (1), Marshallese (1), Brahui (5)
U+013E ľ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON [0], [153]   Slovak (1)
U+0142 ł Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE [0], [152]   Polish (1)
U+0144 ń Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE [0], [107], [152], [168], [172] set 11 Polish (1), Lule Sami (2), Sorbian (4), Brahui (5)
U+0146 ņ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA [0], [133], [136]   Latvian (1), Marshallese (1)
U+0148 ň Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON [0], [101], [121], [153]   Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Slovak (1)
U+014B ŋ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG [0], [108], [125], [129], [132], [146], [148], [170], [188], [189], [190], [191], [192], [193], [194], [195], [196], [197], [198], [199] set 11 Inari Saami (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Northern Sami (2), Ewondo (3), Luganda (3), Wolof (4), Adzera (4), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Dinka (4), Duala (3), Ewe (3), Soga (5), Alur (5), Mandinka (5), Acholi (5), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
U+014D ō Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON [0], [134], [135], [136] set 30 Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1)
U+0151 ő Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE [0], [233], [234]   Hungarian (1)
U+0153 œ Latin LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE [0], [114], [253]   French (1)
U+0155 ŕ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE [0], [153], [168] set 42 Slovak (1), Brahui (5)
U+0159 ř Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON [0], [101], [172]   Czech (1), Sorbian (4)
U+015B ś Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE [0], [152], [258]   Polish (1), Montenegrin (1)
U+015D ŝ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [255]   Esperanto (3)
U+015F ş Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA [0], [121], [127], [157], [158], [159], [168], [201], [202]   Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Brahui (5), Zaza (5)
U+0161 š Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON [0], [108], [133], [150], [151], [154], [174], [230]   Tswana (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Northern Sotho (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1)
U+0165 ť Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON [0], [101], [153]   Czech (1), Slovak (1)
U+0167 ŧ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE [0], [108], [168]   Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5)
U+0169 ũ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE [0], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [209] set 43 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5)
U+016B ū Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON [0], [133], [134], [135], [136], [138], [154] set 43 Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Lithuanian (1), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1)
U+016D ŭ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE [0], [255]   Esperanto (3)
U+016F ů Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE [0], [101]   Czech (1)
U+0171 ű Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE [0], [233], [234]   Hungarian (1)
U+0173 ų Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK [0], [138], [154]   Lithuanian (1)
U+0175 ŵ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [247], [256]   Chichewa (3), Welsh (2)
U+0177 ŷ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX [0], [256]   Welsh (2)
U+017A ź Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE [0], [152], [168], [172], [252], [258] set 44 Polish (1), Brahui (5), Sorbian (4), Montenegrin (1)
U+017C ż Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE [0], [152], [163] set 44 Polish (1), Maltese (1)
U+017E ž Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON [0], [108], [121], [133], [150], [151], [153], [154], [232]   Lithuanian (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Turkmen (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Chechen (2) 1925 Version
U+0188 ƈ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK [0], [277]   Serer (5)
U+0192 ƒ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK [0], [170] set 4 Ewe (3)
U+0199 ƙ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH HOOK [0], [147]   Hausa (2)
U+01A1 ơ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN [0], [109] set 45 Vietnamese (1)
U+01A5 ƥ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH HOOK [0], [277]   Serer (5)
U+01AD ƭ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK [0], [277]   Serer (5)
U+01B0 ư Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+01B4 ƴ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK [0], [148], [149], [251]   Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Fula (3)
U+01DD ǝ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED E [0], [240] set 46 Kanuri (3)
U+01E7 ǧ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CARON [0], [113] set 38 Skolt Sami (2)
U+01E9 ǩ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CARON [0], [113]   Skolt Sami (2)
U+01EF ǯ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CARON [0], [113]   Skolt Sami (2)
U+0219 ș Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW [3], [110]   Romanian (1)
U+021B ț Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW [3], [110]   Romanian (1)
U+024D ɍ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH STROKE [8], [240] set 47 Kanuri (3)
U+0253 ɓ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK [0], [147], [148], [250]   Hausa (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Pulaar (3)
U+0254 ɔ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O [0], [129], [146], [148], [169], [170], [189], [190], [193], [194], [236], [237]   Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Fon (3), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Duala (3), EWE (3), Nuer (4)
U+0254 U+0308 ɔ̈ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING DIAERESIS [125]   DINKA (4)
U+0254 U+0331 ɔ̱ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW [129], [146]   Nuer (4)
U+0256 ɖ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL [0], [169], [170]   Fon (3), Ewe (3)
U+0257 ɗ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK [0], [147], [149], [250]   Hausa (2), Fula (3)
U+0259 ə Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA [0], [159], [170], [190], [241] set 46 Azeri, Azerbaijani (1), Ewondo (3), Ewe (3), Bugis (3)
U+025B ɛ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E [0], [129], [148], [169], [170], [189], [190], [193], [194], [199], [212], [236], [237], [238] set 48 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Fon (3), Mossi (3), Ga (4), Ewe (3), Duala (3), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
U+025B U+0308 ɛ̈ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING DIAERESIS [125], [129], [146], [239]   Nuer (4), Dinka (4)
U+025B U+0331 ɛ̱ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW [129], [146], [239]   Nuer (4)
U+025B U+0331 U+0308 ɛ̱̈ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW + COMBINING DIAERESIS [129], [146], [239]   Nuer (4)
U+0260 ɠ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK [0], [278]   Kpelle (5)
U+0263 ɣ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA [0], [125], [129], [146], [170], [189] set 22 Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Nuer (4), Dinka (4), Ewe (3), Nuer (4)
U+0268 ɨ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE [0], [186], [189], [210], [211]   Cubeo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), HIxkaryána (4), Maasai (5)
U+0268 U+0303 ɨ̃ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE + COMBINING TILDE [186]   Cubeo (3)
U+0269 ɩ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA [0], [148], [212] set 8 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3)
U+0272 ɲ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK [0], [199], [218], [219]   Susu (4), Zarma (4), Bambara (4)
U+0289 ʉ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR [0], [186], [187], [211]   Cubeo (3), Maasai (5)
U+0289 U+0303 ʉ̃ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR + COMBINING TILDE [186], [187]   Cubeo (3)
U+028B ʋ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK [0], [148], [170], [212], [238] set 19 Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3), Ewe (3)
U+0292 ʒ Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH [0], [113], [189] set 49 Skolt Sami (2), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4)
U+0390 ΐ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+03AC ά Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS [0] set 1 Not part of repertoire
U+03AD έ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS [0] set 48 Not part of repertoire
U+03AE ή Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS [0] set 11 Not part of repertoire
U+03AF ί Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+03B0 ΰ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS [0] set 19 Not part of repertoire
U+03B1 α Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA [0] set 1 Not part of repertoire
U+03B2 β Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA [0] set 18 Not part of repertoire
U+03B3 γ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA [0] set 22 Not part of repertoire
U+03B5 ε Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON [0] set 48 Not part of repertoire
U+03B7 η Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA [0] set 11 Not part of repertoire
U+03B9 ι Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+03BD ν Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER NU [0] set 20 Not part of repertoire
U+03BF ο Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+03C1 ρ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO [0] set 14 Not part of repertoire
U+03C2 ς Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA [0] set 45 Not part of repertoire
U+03C3 σ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA [0] set 45 Not part of repertoire
U+03C5 υ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON [0] set 19 Not part of repertoire
U+03CA ϊ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+03CB ϋ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA [0] set 19 Not part of repertoire
U+03CC ό Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+03CD ύ Greek GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS [0] set 19 Not part of repertoire
U+0430 а Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A [0] set 1 Not part of repertoire
U+0433 г Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE [0] set 16 Not part of repertoire
U+0435 е Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE [0] set 3 Not part of repertoire
U+043E о Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+0440 р Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER [0] set 14 Not part of repertoire
U+0441 с Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES [0] set 2 Not part of repertoire
U+0443 у Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U [0] set 22 Not part of repertoire
U+0445 х Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA [0] set 21 Not part of repertoire
U+0451 ё Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO [0] set 28 Not part of repertoire
U+0453 ѓ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GJE [0] set 42 Not part of repertoire
U+0455 ѕ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE [0] set 17 Not part of repertoire
U+0455 U+0455 ѕѕ {Cyrillic} CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE + CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE [0] set 18 Not part of repertoire
U+0456 і Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+0457 ї Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+0458 ј Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE [0] set 9 Not part of repertoire
U+045B ћ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSHE [0] set 40 Not part of repertoire
U+045F џ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE [0] set 50 Not part of repertoire
U+0493 ғ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH STROKE [0] set 47 Not part of repertoire
U+04AB ҫ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES WITH DESCENDER [0] set 27 Not part of repertoire
U+04AF ү Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER STRAIGHT U [0] set 22 Not part of repertoire
U+04BB һ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHHA [0] set 7 Not part of repertoire
U+04CF ӏ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PALOCHKA [8] set 10 Not part of repertoire
U+04D1 ӑ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE [0] set 35 Not part of repertoire
U+04D3 ӓ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS [0] set 25 Not part of repertoire
U+04D5 ӕ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE A IE [0] set 26 Not part of repertoire
U+04D9 ә Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SCHWA [0] set 46 Not part of repertoire
U+04E1 ӡ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN DZE [0] set 49 Not part of repertoire
U+04E7 ӧ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS [0] set 31 Not part of repertoire
U+04F1 ӱ Cyrillic CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS [0] set 34 Not part of repertoire
U+0566 զ Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ZA [0] set 15 Not part of repertoire
U+0570 հ Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER HO [0] set 7 Not part of repertoire
U+0572 ղ Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER GHAD [0] set 11 Not part of repertoire
U+0578 ո Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER VO [0] set 11 Not part of repertoire
U+057D ս Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER SEH [0] set 19 Not part of repertoire
U+0581 ց Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CO [0] set 5 Not part of repertoire
U+0582 ւ Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YIWN [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+0585 օ Armenian ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER OH [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+05D5 ו Hebrew HEBREW LETTER VAV [0] set 8 Not part of repertoire
U+05E1 ס Hebrew HEBREW LETTER SAMEKH [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+0B20 Oriya ORIYA LETTER TTHA [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+0D1F Malayalam MALAYALAM LETTER TTA [0] set 17 Not part of repertoire
U+0D1F U+0D1F ടട {Malayalam} MALAYALAM LETTER TTA + MALAYALAM LETTER TTA [0] set 18 Not part of repertoire
U+0D20 Malayalam MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA [0] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+1004 Myanmar MYANMAR LETTER NGA [3] set 2 Not part of repertoire
U+101D Myanmar MYANMAR LETTER WA [3] set 13 Not part of repertoire
U+1E13 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW [0], [164], [257]   Venda (1)
U+1E21 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON [0], [200] set 6 Raga (Hano) (3)
U+1E3D Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW [0], [164], [257]   Venda (1)
U+1E45 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE [0], [164], [257] set 11 Venda (1)
U+1E49 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW [0], [220]   Pitjantjatjara (4)
U+1E4B Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW [0], [164], [257]   Venda (1)
U+1E63 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW [0], [254]   Yoruba (2)
U+1E6D Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW [0], [242]   Mizo (4)
U+1E71 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW [0], [164], [257]   Venda (1)
U+1E8D Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS [0], [248], [249]   Mam (4)
U+1EA1 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA3 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE [0], [109] set 23 Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA5 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA7 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA9 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EAB Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EAD Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EAF Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB1 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB3 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB5 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB7 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB9 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW [0], [254]   Yoruba (2)
U+1EB9 U+0300 ẹ̀ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT [254]   Yoruba (2)
U+1EB9 U+0301 ẹ́ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT [254]   Yoruba (2)
U+1EBB Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EBD Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE [0], [117], [141], [142], [143], [186], [187], [275] set 37 Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Xavante (4)
U+1EBF ế Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC1 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC3 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC5 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC7 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC9 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE [0], [109] set 8 Vietnamese (1)
U+1ECB Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW [0], [205]   Igbo (2)
U+1ECD Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW [0], [136], [204], [205], [215], [216], [254]   Igbo (2), Yoruba (2), Marshallese (1)
U+1ECD U+0300 ọ̀ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT [254]   Yoruba (2)
U+1ECD U+0301 ọ́ {Latin, Inherited} LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT [254]   Yoruba (2)
U+1ECF Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE [0], [109] set 29 Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED1 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED3 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED5 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED7 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED9 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EDB Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EDD Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EDF Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE1 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE3 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE5 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW [0], [109], [204], [205] set 50 Vietnamese (1), Igbo (2)
U+1EE7 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE [0], [109] set 32 Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE9 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EEB Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EED Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EEF Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF1 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF3 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE [0], [109] set 33 Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF5 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW [0], [109]   Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF7 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE [0], [109] set 33 Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF9 Latin LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE [0], [109], [142]   Vietnamese (1), Guarani (1)

Legend

Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.

Code Point
A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph
The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script
Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common. Sequences are annotated with a set of all distinct script values.
Name
Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by “+”.
Ref
Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Variants
Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment
The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
✔ - core repertoire
A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
✗ - out-of-repertoire
A code point shown with is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.

Variant Sets

Variant Set Summary

Number of variant sets 50
Largest variant set 14
Ordinary Variants by Type
blocked 576
dotted 1
eszett-to-ss 1
Reflexive Variants by Type
out-of-repertoire-var 67
r-dotless 1
r-eszett 1

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.

Common Legend

Source
By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target
By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph
The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- forward
Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
- reverse
Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
- both
Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
- reflexive
Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type
The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR. A reflexive variant type “out-of-repertoire-var” designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries. In this LGR, types for variants between out-of-repertoire code points are shown in italic while types for pure in-repertoire variants are shown in bold.
Ref
One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment
A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

Variant Set 1 — 5 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0061 a 00E1 á blocked   Required for integration
0061 a 03AC ά blocked    
0061 a 03B1 α blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0061 a 0430 а blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
00E1 á 03AC ά blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00E1 á 03B1 α blocked    
00E1 á 0430 а blocked    
03AC ά 03AC ά out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03AC ά 03B1 α blocked    
03AC ά 0430 а blocked    
03B1 α 03B1 α out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03B1 α 0430 а blocked    
0430 а 0430 а out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 2 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0063 c 0441 с blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0063 c 1004 blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0441 с 0441 с out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0441 с 1004 blocked    
1004 1004 out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 3 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0065 e 0435 е blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0435 е 0435 е out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 4 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0066 f 0192 ƒ blocked   Generally acceptable alternate glyph

Variant Set 5 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0067 g 0581 ց blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0581 ց 0581 ց out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 6 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0067 0303 1E21 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 7 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0068 h 04BB һ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0068 h 0570 հ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
04BB һ 04BB һ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
04BB һ 0570 հ blocked    
0570 հ 0570 հ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 8 — 14 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0069 i 00ED í blocked   Required for integration
0069 i 00EF ï blocked   Required for integration
0069 i 0131 ı blocked   IDNA2003 Compatibility
dotted   IDNA2003 Compatibility
0069 i 0269 ɩ blocked   Required for integration
0069 i 0390 ΐ blocked    
0069 i 03AF ί blocked    
0069 i 03B9 ι blocked    
0069 i 03CA ϊ blocked    
0069 i 0456 і blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0069 i 0457 ї blocked    
0069 i 0582 ւ blocked    
0069 i 05D5 ו blocked    
0069 i 1EC9 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
00ED í 00EF ï blocked   Required for integration
00ED í 0131 ı blocked   Required for integration
00ED í 0269 ɩ blocked   Required for integration
00ED í 0390 ΐ blocked    
00ED í 03AF ί blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
00ED í 03B9 ι blocked    
00ED í 03CA ϊ blocked    
00ED í 0456 і blocked    
00ED í 0457 ї blocked    
00ED í 0582 ւ blocked    
00ED í 05D5 ו blocked    
00ED í 1EC9 blocked   Required for integration
00EF ï 0131 ı blocked   Required for integration
00EF ï 0269 ɩ blocked   Required for integration
00EF ï 0390 ΐ blocked    
00EF ï 03AF ί blocked    
00EF ï 03B9 ι blocked    
00EF ï 03CA ϊ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
00EF ï 0456 і blocked    
00EF ï 0457 ї blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
00EF ï 0582 ւ blocked    
00EF ï 05D5 ו blocked    
00EF ï 1EC9 blocked   Required for integration
0131 ı 0131 ı r-dotless   Dotless form
0131 ı 0269 ɩ blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
0131 ı 0390 ΐ blocked    
0131 ı 03AF ί blocked    
0131 ı 03B9 ι blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0131 ı 03CA ϊ blocked    
0131 ı 0456 і blocked    
0131 ı 0457 ї blocked    
0131 ı 0582 ւ blocked    
0131 ı 05D5 ו blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0131 ı 1EC9 blocked   Required for integration
0269 ɩ 0390 ΐ blocked    
0269 ɩ 03AF ί blocked    
0269 ɩ 03B9 ι blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0269 ɩ 03CA ϊ blocked    
0269 ɩ 0456 і blocked    
0269 ɩ 0457 ї blocked    
0269 ɩ 0582 ւ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0269 ɩ 05D5 ו blocked    
0269 ɩ 1EC9 blocked   Required for integration
0390 ΐ 0390 ΐ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0390 ΐ 03AF ί blocked    
0390 ΐ 03B9 ι blocked    
0390 ΐ 03CA ϊ blocked    
0390 ΐ 0456 і blocked    
0390 ΐ 0457 ї blocked    
0390 ΐ 0582 ւ blocked    
0390 ΐ 05D5 ו blocked    
0390 ΐ 1EC9 blocked    
03AF ί 03AF ί out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03AF ί 03B9 ι blocked    
03AF ί 03CA ϊ blocked    
03AF ί 0456 і blocked    
03AF ί 0457 ї blocked    
03AF ί 0582 ւ blocked    
03AF ί 05D5 ו blocked    
03AF ί 1EC9 blocked    
03B9 ι 03B9 ι out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03B9 ι 03CA ϊ blocked    
03B9 ι 0456 і blocked    
03B9 ι 0457 ї blocked    
03B9 ι 0582 ւ blocked    
03B9 ι 05D5 ו blocked    
03B9 ι 1EC9 blocked    
03CA ϊ 03CA ϊ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03CA ϊ 0456 і blocked    
03CA ϊ 0457 ї blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
03CA ϊ 0582 ւ blocked    
03CA ϊ 05D5 ו blocked    
03CA ϊ 1EC9 blocked    
0456 і 0456 і out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0456 і 0457 ї blocked    
0456 і 0582 ւ blocked    
0456 і 05D5 ו blocked    
0456 і 1EC9 blocked    
0457 ї 0457 ї out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0457 ї 0582 ւ blocked    
0457 ї 05D5 ו blocked    
0457 ї 1EC9 blocked    
0582 ւ 0582 ւ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0582 ւ 05D5 ו blocked    
0582 ւ 1EC9 blocked    
05D5 ו 05D5 ו out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
05D5 ו 1EC9 blocked    

Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
006A j 0458 ј blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0458 ј 0458 ј out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 10 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
006C l 04CF ӏ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04CF ӏ 04CF ӏ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 11 — 8 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
006E n 0144 ń blocked   Required for integration
006E n 014B ŋ blocked   Required for integration
006E n 03AE ή blocked    
006E n 03B7 η blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
006E n 0572 ղ blocked    
006E n 0578 ո blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
006E n 1E45 blocked   Required for integration
0144 ń 014B ŋ blocked   Required for integration
0144 ń 03AE ή blocked    
0144 ń 03B7 η blocked    
0144 ń 0572 ղ blocked    
0144 ń 0578 ո blocked    
0144 ń 1E45 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
014B ŋ 03AE ή blocked    
014B ŋ 03B7 η blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
014B ŋ 0572 ղ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
014B ŋ 0578 ո blocked    
014B ŋ 1E45 blocked   Required for integration
03AE ή 03AE ή out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03AE ή 03B7 η blocked    
03AE ή 0572 ղ blocked    
03AE ή 0578 ո blocked    
03AE ή 1E45 blocked    
03B7 η 03B7 η out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03B7 η 0572 ղ blocked    
03B7 η 0578 ո blocked    
03B7 η 1E45 blocked    
0572 ղ 0572 ղ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0572 ղ 0578 ո blocked    
0572 ղ 1E45 blocked    
0578 ո 0578 ո out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0578 ո 1E45 blocked    

Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
006E 0304 00F1 ñ blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 13 — 10 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
006F o 00F3 ó blocked   Required for integration
006F o 03BF ο blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
006F o 03CC ό blocked    
006F o 043E о blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
006F o 0585 օ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
006F o 05E1 ס blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
006F o 0B20 blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
006F o 0D20 blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
006F o 101D blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00F3 ó 03BF ο blocked    
00F3 ó 03CC ό blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
00F3 ó 043E о blocked    
00F3 ó 0585 օ blocked    
00F3 ó 05E1 ס blocked    
00F3 ó 0B20 blocked    
00F3 ó 0D20 blocked    
00F3 ó 101D blocked    
03BF ο 03BF ο out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03BF ο 03CC ό blocked    
03BF ο 043E о blocked    
03BF ο 0585 օ blocked    
03BF ο 05E1 ס blocked    
03BF ο 0B20 blocked    
03BF ο 0D20 blocked    
03BF ο 101D blocked    
03CC ό 03CC ό out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03CC ό 043E о blocked    
03CC ό 0585 օ blocked    
03CC ό 05E1 ס blocked    
03CC ό 0B20 blocked    
03CC ό 0D20 blocked    
03CC ό 101D blocked    
043E о 043E о out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
043E о 0585 օ blocked    
043E о 05E1 ס blocked    
043E о 0B20 blocked    
043E о 0D20 blocked    
043E о 101D blocked    
0585 օ 0585 օ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0585 օ 05E1 ס blocked    
0585 օ 0B20 blocked    
0585 օ 0D20 blocked    
0585 օ 101D blocked    
05E1 ס 05E1 ס out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
05E1 ס 0B20 blocked    
05E1 ס 0D20 blocked    
05E1 ס 101D blocked    
0B20 0B20 out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0B20 0D20 blocked    
0B20 101D blocked    
0D20 0D20 out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0D20 101D blocked    
101D 101D out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 14 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0070 p 03C1 ρ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0070 p 0440 р blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
03C1 ρ 03C1 ρ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03C1 ρ 0440 р blocked    
0440 р 0440 р out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 15 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0071 q 0566 զ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0566 զ 0566 զ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 16 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0072 r 0433 г blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0433 г 0433 г out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 17 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0073 s 0455 ѕ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0073 s 0D1F blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0455 ѕ 0455 ѕ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0455 ѕ 0D1F blocked    
0D1F 0D1F out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 18 — 5 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0073 0073 ss 00DF ß blocked   IDNA2003 Compatibility
eszett-to-ss   IDNA2003 Compatibility
0073 0073 ss 03B2 β blocked    
0073 0073 ss 0455 0455 ѕѕ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0073 0073 ss 0D1F 0D1F ടട blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00DF ß 00DF ß r-eszett   Eszett
00DF ß 03B2 β blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00DF ß 0455 0455 ѕѕ blocked    
00DF ß 0D1F 0D1F ടട blocked    
03B2 β 03B2 β out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03B2 β 0455 0455 ѕѕ blocked    
03B2 β 0D1F 0D1F ടട blocked    
0455 0455 ѕѕ 0455 0455 ѕѕ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0455 0455 ѕѕ 0D1F 0D1F ടട blocked    
0D1F 0D1F ടട 0D1F 0D1F ടട out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 19 — 9 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0075 u 00FA ú blocked   Required for integration
0075 u 00FC ü blocked   Required for integration
0075 u 028B ʋ blocked   Required for integration
0075 u 03B0 ΰ blocked    
0075 u 03C5 υ blocked    
0075 u 03CB ϋ blocked    
0075 u 03CD ύ blocked    
0075 u 057D ս blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00FA ú 00FC ü blocked   Required for integration
00FA ú 028B ʋ blocked   Required for integration
00FA ú 03B0 ΰ blocked    
00FA ú 03C5 υ blocked    
00FA ú 03CB ϋ blocked    
00FA ú 03CD ύ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00FA ú 057D ս blocked    
00FC ü 028B ʋ blocked   Required for integration
00FC ü 03B0 ΰ blocked    
00FC ü 03C5 υ blocked    
00FC ü 03CB ϋ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
00FC ü 03CD ύ blocked    
00FC ü 057D ս blocked    
028B ʋ 03B0 ΰ blocked    
028B ʋ 03C5 υ blocked    
028B ʋ 03CB ϋ blocked    
028B ʋ 03CD ύ blocked    
028B ʋ 057D ս blocked    
03B0 ΰ 03B0 ΰ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03B0 ΰ 03C5 υ blocked    
03B0 ΰ 03CB ϋ blocked    
03B0 ΰ 03CD ύ blocked    
03B0 ΰ 057D ս blocked    
03C5 υ 03C5 υ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03C5 υ 03CB ϋ blocked    
03C5 υ 03CD ύ blocked    
03C5 υ 057D ս blocked    
03CB ϋ 03CB ϋ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03CB ϋ 03CD ύ blocked    
03CB ϋ 057D ս blocked    
03CD ύ 03CD ύ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03CD ύ 057D ս blocked    
057D ս 057D ս out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 20 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0076 v 03BD ν blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
03BD ν 03BD ν out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 21 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0078 x 0445 х blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0445 х 0445 х out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 22 — 5 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0079 y 0263 ɣ blocked   Required for integration
0079 y 03B3 γ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0079 y 0443 у blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0079 y 04AF ү blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0263 ɣ 03B3 γ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0263 ɣ 0443 у blocked    
0263 ɣ 04AF ү blocked    
03B3 γ 03B3 γ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03B3 γ 0443 у blocked    
03B3 γ 04AF ү blocked    
0443 у 0443 у out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
0443 у 04AF ү blocked    
04AF ү 04AF ү out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 23 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00E0 à 1EA3 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 24 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00E3 ã 0101 ā blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 25 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00E4 ä 04D3 ӓ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04D3 ӓ 04D3 ӓ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 26 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00E6 æ 04D5 ӕ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04D5 ӕ 04D5 ӕ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 27 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00E7 ç 04AB ҫ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
04AB ҫ 04AB ҫ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 28 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00EB ë 0451 ё blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0451 ё 0451 ё out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 29 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00F2 ò 1ECF blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 30 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00F5 õ 014D ō blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 31 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00F6 ö 04E7 ӧ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04E7 ӧ 04E7 ӧ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 32 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00F9 ù 1EE7 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 33 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00FD ý 1EF3 blocked   Variant due to transitivity
00FD ý 1EF7 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
1EF3 1EF7 blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 34 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
00FF ÿ 04F1 ӱ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04F1 ӱ 04F1 ӱ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 35 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0103 ă 04D1 ӑ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04D1 ӑ 04D1 ӑ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 36 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0107 ć 010B ċ blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 37 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0113 ē 1EBD blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 38 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
011F ğ 01E7 ǧ blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 39 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0121 ġ 0123 ģ blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 40 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0127 ħ 045B ћ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
045B ћ 045B ћ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 41 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0129 ĩ 012B ī blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 42 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0155 ŕ 0453 ѓ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0453 ѓ 0453 ѓ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 43 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0169 ũ 016B ū blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 44 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
017A ź 017C ż blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 45 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
01A1 ơ 03C2 ς blocked    
01A1 ơ 03C3 σ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
03C2 ς 03C2 ς out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03C2 ς 03C3 σ blocked    
03C3 σ 03C3 σ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 46 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
01DD ǝ 0259 ə blocked   Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
01DD ǝ 04D9 ә blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
0259 ə 04D9 ә blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04D9 ә 04D9 ә out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 47 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
024D ɍ 0493 ғ blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph
0493 ғ 0493 ғ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 48 — 3 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
025B ɛ 03AD έ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
025B ɛ 03B5 ε blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
03AD έ 03AD έ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
03AD έ 03B5 ε blocked    
03B5 ε 03B5 ε out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 49 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
0292 ʒ 04E1 ӡ blocked   Cross-script homoglyph
04E1 ӡ 04E1 ӡ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire

Variant Set 50 — 2 Members

Source Glyph Target Glyph   Type Ref Comment
045F џ 045F џ out-of-repertoire-var   Out-of-repertoire
045F џ 1EE5 blocked   Cross-script near homoglyph

Classes, Rules and Actions

Character Classes

Implict defined by script tag 8

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name Definition Count Members or Ranges Ref Comment
implicit Tag=sc:Armn 8 {0566 0570 0572 0578 057D 0581-0582 0585}   Any character tagged as Armenian
implicit Tag=sc:Cyrl 28 {0430 0433 0435 043E 0440-0441 0443 0445 0451 0453 0455-0458 045B 045F 0493 04AB 04AF 04BB 04CF 04D1 04D3 04D5 04D9 04E1 04E7 04F1}   Any character tagged as Cyrillic
implicit Tag=sc:Grek 22 {0390 03AC-03B3 03B5 03B7 03B9 03BD 03BF 03C1-03C3 03C5 03CA-03CD}   Any character tagged as Greek
implicit Tag=sc:Hebr 2 {05D5 05E1}   Any character tagged as Hebrew
implicit Tag=sc:Latn 197 {0061-007A 00DF-00F6 00F8-00FF 0101 0103 0105 0107 0109 010B 010D 010F 0111 0113 0117 0119 011B 011D 011F 0121 0123 0125 0127 0129 012B 012F 0131 0135 0137 ...}   Any character tagged as Latin
implicit Tag=sc:Mlym 2 {0D1F-0D20}   Any character tagged as Malayalam
implicit Tag=sc:Mymr 2 {1004 101D}   Any character tagged as Myanmar
implicit Tag=sc:Orya 1 {0B20}   Any character tagged as Oriya

Legend

Members or Ranges
Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt
A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit
An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.

Whole label evaluation and context rules

Number of rules 1
Used to trigger actions 1

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name Regular Expression Used as
Trigger
Anchor Used as
Context
Ref Comment
leading-combining-mark (start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]       Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟

Legend

Used as Trigger
This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context
This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor
This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression
A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
start or end
(start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
[\p{ }] - property
Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
Sets may be combined by set operators ( = union, = intersection, = difference, = symmetric difference).
∅= - empty set
Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
⍟ - default rule
Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

# Condition Rule / Variant Set   Disposition Ref Comment
1 if label matches leading-combining-mark invalid   labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2 if at least one variant is in {out-of-repertoire-var} invalid   any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3 if at least one variant is in {blocked} blocked   any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
4 if each variant is in {r-eszett r-dotless} valid   any remaining label containing only original code points is valid
5 if each variant is in {r-eszett dotted} allocatable   any label with all dotted letters i and sharp s as applied for is allocatable
6 if each variant is in {eszett-to-ss r-dotless} allocatable   any label with no sharp s and dotless letters i as applied for is allocatable
7 if each variant is in {eszett-to-ss dotted} allocatable   any label with no sharp s and all dotted letters i is allocatable
8 if at least one variant is in {eszett-to-ss dotted} blocked   any variant label with a mix of variant forms is blocked
9 if each variant is in {allocatable} allocatable   variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
10 if any label (catch-all)   valid   catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set
In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action
Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.

[0] The Unicode Standard 1.1
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[3] The Unicode Standard 3.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 3.0
[8] The Unicode Standard 5.0
Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.0
[99] CO Controls and Basic Latin, The Unicode Standard
https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf
Any code point cited is part of the Basic Latin (ASCII) set
[100] ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for Spanish
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-spanish-30aug16-en.html
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[101] Omniglot, Czech (čeština)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[102] Omniglot, Icelandic (Íslenska)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/icelandic.htm
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[103] Omniglot, Faroese (føroyskt mál)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/faroese.htm
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[105] Omniglot, Chuukese (Chuuk)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chuukese.htm
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[106] SCRIPTSOURCE, Galician written with Latin script
https://www.webcitation.org/6siTI8ieQ
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[107] Omniglot, Lule Sámi (julevsámegiella)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lulesami.htm
(Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[108] Wikipedia, Northern Sami
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[109] Omniglot, Vietnamese (tiếng việt / 㗂越)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/vietnamese.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[110] Omniglot, Romanian (limba română)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/romanian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[113] Omniglot, Skolt Sámi (Sääˊmǩiõll / Nuõrttsää’m)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/skoltsami.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[114] Omniglot, French (français)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/french.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[115] Omniglot, West Frisian (Frysk)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/westfrisian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[116] Omniglot, Friulian (furlan/marilenghe)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/friulian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[117] Summer Institute of Linguistics, Pequeno dicionário: Xavante-Português, Português-Xavante
https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/17019
(Accessed on 1 October 2020)
[119] Omniglot, German (Deutsch)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/german.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[120] Omniglot, Finnish (suomi)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[121] Omniglot, Turkmen (Türkmen dili / Түркмен дили)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[122] Omniglot, Estonian (eesti keel)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/estonian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[123] Omniglot, Swedish (svenska)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/swedish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[124] Omniglot, Yapese (Waab)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yapese.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[125] Omniglot, Dinka (Thuɔŋjäŋ)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dinka.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[126] Omniglot, Kaqchikel (Kaqchikel Ch’ab’äl)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kaqchikel.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[127] Omniglot, Bashkir/Bashkort (Башҡорт теле / Başqort tele)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[128] Omniglot, Alsatian (Ëlsässisch)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alsatian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[129] Wikipedia, Nuer language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuer_language
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[130] Omniglot, Italian (italiano)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[131] Wikipedia, Italian orthography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_orthography
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[132] Omniglot, Wolof (Wollof)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[133] Omniglot, Latvian (latviešu valoda)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/latvian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[134] Omniglot, Tongan (Faka-Tonga)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tongan.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[135] Omniglot, Hawaiian (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hawaiian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[136] Omniglot, Marshallese (kajin m̧ajeļ)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/marshallese.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[137] Omniglot, Polish (polski)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[138] Omniglot, Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lithuanian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[139] Omniglot, Danish (dansk)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/danish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[140] Omniglot, Chamorro (chamoru)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[141] Omniglot, Umbundu (Úmbúndú)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/umbundu.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[142] Omniglot, Guaraní (Avañe’ẽ)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/guarani.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[143] Wikipedia, Guarani alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[144] Omniglot, Nauruan (Ekaiairũ Naoero)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nauruan.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[145] Omniglot, Khoekhoe (Khoekhoegowab)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khoekhoe.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[146] Omniglot, Nuer (Naath)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nuer.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[147] Omniglot, Hausa (Harshen Hausa / هَرْشَن هَوْسَ)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[148] Omniglot, Dagaare
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dagaare.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[149] Omniglot, Fula (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular’Fulaare)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/fula.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[150] Omniglot, Croatian (Hrvatski)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/croatian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[151] Omniglot, Serbian (српски / srpski)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[152] Wikipedia, Polish language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[153] Omniglot, Slovak (slovenčina)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[154] Evertype Publishing, Lithuanian lietuvių kalba Version 1.1
https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/lithuanian.pdf
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[157] Omniglot, Turkish (Türkçe)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[158] Omniglot, Kurdish (Kurdî / کوردی)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[159] Omniglot, Azerbaijani (آذربايجانجا ديلي / Азәрбајҹан дили / Azərbaycan dili)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/azeri.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[160] Omniglot, Basque (euskara)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/basque.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[161] Wikipedia, Basque language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language#Writing_system
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[163] Omniglot, Maltese (Malti)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maltese.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[164] Omniglot, Venda (Tshivenḓa / Luvenḓa)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/venda.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[168] Omniglot, Brahui (Bráhuí / براوی)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahui.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[169] Wikipedia, Fon language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_language
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[170] Omniglot, Ewe (Eʋegbe)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewe.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[172] Omniglot, Sorbian (hornjoserbsce/dolnoserbski)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorbian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[173] Peace corps, Botswana, An Introduction to Setswana Language
https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/botswana/Bw_Setswana_Language_Lessons.pdf
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[174] Omniglot, Tswana (Setswana)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tswana.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[175] Wikipedia, Afrikaans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[176] Omniglot, Albanian (shqip / gjuha shqipe)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[177] Wikipedia, Albanian alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[179] Wikipedia, Uyghur Latin alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[180] Omniglot, Drehu (Deʼu)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/drehu.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[182] Omniglot, Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haitiancreole.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[183] Wikipedia, Haitian Creole
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole#Orthography
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[184] Omniglot, Minangkabau (Baso Minangkabau / باسو مينڠكاباو)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/minangkabau.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[185] Omniglot, Palauan (a tekoi er a Belau)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/palauan.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[186] Omniglot, Cubeo (pãmié)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cubeo.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[187] Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo, Diccionario Ilustrado Bilingüe cubeo-español español-cubeo
https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/58/27/10582785843693992331766506069073895620/40337_01.pdf
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[188] Omniglot, Inari Saami (Anarâškielâ)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/inarisami.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[189] Omniglot, Compiled by Wolfram Siegel, DAGBANI
https://www.omniglot.com/charts/dagbani.pdf
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[190] Omniglot, Ewondo
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewondo.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[191] Omniglot, Luganda (Oluganda)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ganda.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[192] Omniglot, Adzera
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/adzera.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[193] Omniglot, Ga (Gã)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ga.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[194] Omniglot, Duala (Duálá)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/duala.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[195] Omniglot, Soga (Lusoga)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/soga.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[196] Omniglot, Alur (Lur)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alur.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[197] Omniglot, Mandinka (Mandi’nka kango / لغة مندنكا)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mandinka.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[198] Omniglot, Acholi (Lwo)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/acholi.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[199] Omniglot, Bambara (Bamanankan)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bambara.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[200] Omniglot, Raga (Hano)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/raga.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[201] Omniglot, Tatar (tatarça / татарча / تاتارچا)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[202] Omniglot, Zaza (Zazaki / زازاکی)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zazaki.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[203] Wikipedia, Turkish alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[204] School of English, Adam Michiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 43(1),2007, pp. 169-180, A Demographic Igbo Orthography
https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/psicl.2007.43.issue-1/v10010-007-0009-0/v10010-007-0009-0.pdf
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[205] Omniglot, Igbo (Asụsụ Igbo)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/igbo.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[206] ItalianPod101, Italian Accents and Proper Italian Pronunciation
https://www.italianpod101.com/italian-accents
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[208] Reverso Dictionary, venerdì translation | Italian-English dictionary
https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/venerd%C3%AC
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[209] Omniglot, Kikuyu (Gĩkũyũ)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kikuyu.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[210] Omniglot, Hixkaryána
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hixkaryana.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[211] Omniglot, Maasai (ɔl Maa)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maasai.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[212] Omniglot, Mossi (Mòoré)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mossi.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[213] Omniglot, Jenesis. The Bible in Marshallese, 2009., Contributed by Wolfgang Kuhl
https://www.omniglot.com/babel/marshallese.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[214] Wikipedia, Cedilla
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla#Marshallese
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[215] Wikipedia, Marshallese language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language#Display_issues
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[216] Trussel, Marshallese-English Online Dictionary
https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[218] Omniglot, Susu (Sosoxi)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/susu.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[219] Omniglot, Zarma (Zarmaciine)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zarma.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[220] Omniglot, Pitjantjatjara
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/pitjantjatjara.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[221] Omniglot, Spanish (español/castellano)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/spanish.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[222] Omniglot, Filipino (wikang Filipino)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/filipino.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[223] Omniglot, Chavacano
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[224] Wikipedia, Ilocano language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language#Modern_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[225] Omniglot, Quechua (Runasimi)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/quechua.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[226] Wikipedia, Quechua alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[227] Omniglot, Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kriol.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[228] Omniglot, Waray-Waray
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/waray.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[229] Omniglot, Lozi (siLozi)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lozi.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[230] africanlanguages.com, Sesotho sa Leboa (Northern Sotho)
https://africanlanguages.com/northern_sotho/
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[232] Wikipedia, Chechen language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[233] Omniglot, Hungarian (magyar)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[234] Wikipedia, Hungarian alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[236] Omniglot, Lingala
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lingala.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[237] Omniglot, Akan
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/akan.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[238] Wikipedia, Mossi language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_language
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[239] SIL-Sudan, OCCASIONAL PAPERS in the study of SUDANESE LANGUAGES No. 9 (p. 75)
https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/06/46/100646256099282892829790816212446104791/OPSL_9.pdf
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[240] Omniglot, Kanuri
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kanuri.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[241] Omniglot, Bugis (Basa Ugi )
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bugis.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[242] Omniglot, Mizo (Mizo ṭawng)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mizo.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[243] Omniglot, Miskito (Mískitu)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/miskito.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[245] Wikipedia, Papiamento
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[246] Omniglot, Papiamento (Papiamentu)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/papiamento.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[247] Omniglot, Chichewa (Chicheŵa)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chichewa.php
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[248] Native Languages of the Americas website, Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Mam Words
https://www.native-languages.org/mam_words.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[249] Omniglot, Mam (Qyol Mam)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mam.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[250] Wikipedia, Pulaar language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaar_language
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[251] Wikipedia, Fula language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language#Writing_systems
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[252] Wikipedia, Polish alphabet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_alphabet
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[253] Wikipedia, French orthography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[254] Omniglot, Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[255] Omniglot, Esperanto
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/esperanto.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[256] Omniglot, Welsh (Cymraeg)
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[257] Wikipedia, List of Latin-script letters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters
(Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[258] Omniglot, Montenegrin
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/montenegrin.htm
(Accessed on 20 March 2019)
[275] Omniglot, Shavante
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shavante.php
(Accessed on 24 September 2020)
[276] Wikipedia, Malagasy Language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language
(Accessed on 24 September 2020)
[277] Wikipedia, Serer language,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language,
accessed on 6 April 2021
[278] Wikipedia, Kpelle language,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle_language,
accessed on 6 April 2021