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Profile image for Eleeza Agopian

Eleeza Agopian

United States

Strategic Planning and Initiatives Sr. Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
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Brian Aitchison

United States

Lead Researcher, GDD, Operations and Policy Research

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Adiel Akplogan

Adiel Akplogan

Canada

VP Technical Engagement

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Sawsan Aldawodi

Sawsan Aldawodi

United States

Language Expert - Head Interpreter

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Mario Aleman

Mario Aleman

Nicaragua

RZERC & RSSAC Operations Coordinator, SOAC

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Steve Allison

Steve Allison

United States

Sr. Product Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Charlotte Anongos

Charlotte Anongos

United States

Salesforce Developer

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Yaovi Atohoun

Yaovi Atohoun

Stakeholder Engagement & Ops Mngr - Africa

Staff
Profile image for Maryam Bakoshi

Maryam Bakoshi

United Kingdom

SO/AC Collaboration Services Sr. Coordinator

Staff
Profile image for Fahd Batayneh

Fahd Batayneh

Jordan

Stakeholder Engagement Manager - Middle East

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Joshua Baulch

Joshua Baulch

United States

Sr. Manager, Meeting Planning Operations

Staff
Profile image for Andrea Beccalli

Andrea Beccalli

Portugal

Stakeholder Engagement Director - Europe

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Laura Bengford

Laura Bengford

United States

Director, Product Managment for Community Services

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Susanna Bennett

Susanna Bennett

SVP & Chief Operating Officer

Staff
Profile image for Gwen Carlson

Gwen Carlson

United States

Senior Director, GDD Communications

Staff
Profile image for Joseph Catapano

Joseph Catapano

United States

Stakeholder Engagement Manager, North America

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Dennis Chang

Dennis Chang

United States

GDD Services & Engagement Program Director

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Joyce Chen

Joyce Chen

Singapore

Sr. Manager, Global Stakeholder Engagement Strategy & Development

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Mukesh Chulani

Mukesh Chulani

Turkey

Registrar Services & Engagement Sr Manager

Staff
Profile image for David Closson

David Closson

United States

Director, Data Center & Cloud Operations

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for James Cole

James Cole

United States

Sr. Global Communications Coordinator

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for David Conrad

David Conrad

United States

SVP & Chief Technology Officer

Developing WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Steve Conte

Steve Conte

United States

Office of the CTO Programs Director

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for John Crain

John Crain

Chief Security, Stability & Resiliency Office

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Albert Daniels

Albert Daniels

Saint Lucia

Stakeholder Engagement Sr Manager -The Caribbean

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Alexandra Dans

Alexandra Dans

Uruguay

Latin America and the Caribbean Communications Senior Manager

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Chantelle Doerksen

Chantelle Doerksen

United States

SO/AC Collaboration Services Sr. Coordinator

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Alain Durand

Alain Durand

United States

Principal Technologist

Technology

Staff
Profile image for Dean Edwards

Dean Edwards

United States

Sr. Product Manager

DNS MarketplaceTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Teresa Elias

Teresa Elias

United States

Office of the General Counsel Sr. Manager

Developing WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Jeannie Ellers

Jeannie Ellers

United States

Stakeholder Engagement Measurement & Planning Sr. Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Evin Ashley Erdoğdu

Evin Ashley Erdoğdu

Turkey

Policy Development Senior Coordinator

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Mauricio Vergara Ereche

Mauricio Vergara Ereche

United States

Lead DNS Engineer

Civil SocietyTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Jared Erwin

Jared Erwin

United States

Manager, GDD Global Implementation

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Baher Esmat

Baher Esmat

VP, Stakeholder Engagement - Middle East

Staff
Profile image for Negar Farzinnia

Negar Farzinnia

United States

Director, MSSI Technical Reviews & Review Implementation

Staff
Profile image for Sigmund Fidyke

Sigmund Fidyke

United States

Sr. Director, Enterprise Architecture & Release Services

Staff
Profile image for Daniel Fink

Daniel Fink

Brazil

Stakeholder Engagement, Sr Manager - Brazil

Staff
Profile image for Chris Gift

Chris Gift

United States

VP, Product Management

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Jeanne Gregg

Jeanne Gregg

United States

Sr. Manager, GDD Operations

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Yvette Guigneaux

Yvette Guigneaux

United States

Projects & Operations Assistant, MSSI

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Anna Guseva

Anna Guseva

United States

Sr. Project Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Karla Hakansson

Karla Hakansson

United States

Director, Registry Services

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Daniel E. Halloran

Daniel E. Halloran

ICANN Chief Data Protection Officer and Deputy General Counsel

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Nigel Hickson

Nigel Hickson

Switzerland

VP, IGO Engagement

GovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Andee Hill

Andee Hill

United States

Registrar Services & Engagement Programs Director

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

CommunityStaff
Profile image for Marilia Hirano

Marilia Hirano

United States

Manager, IANA Continuous Improvement

Staff
Profile image for Robert Hoggarth

Robert Hoggarth

United States

Vice President, Policy Development & GAC Relations

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

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Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."