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Projet d’histoire de l’ICANN

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L’histoire de l'ICANN

Ce document sur l’histoire de l’ICANN retrace la création et l’évolution de l’Internet.

Le tout premier message a été envoyé en 1969 via Arpanet, un réseau du département de la Défense des États-Unis, précurseur de l’Internet mondial. Trois ans plus tard, Jon Postel commençait à renseigner dans son calepin des adresses IP et des numéros de port du réseau Arpanet. Son registre est par la suite devenu l’Autorité chargée de la gestion de l’adressage sur Internet (IANA), responsable de la coordination du système des noms de domaine.

L’ICANN, fondée en 1998, est le fruit de l’engagement du gouvernement des États-Unis à transférer la gestion règlementaire et technique du DNS à une société à but non lucratif basée aux États-Unis et ouverte à la participation des parties prenantes mondiales. Le transfert du rôle de supervision des fonctions IANA s’est achevé en octobre 2016 grâce au travail et au dévouement de la communauté Internet du monde entier.

Pour en savoir plus sur l’histoire de l’ICANN, n’hésitez pas à explorer les interviews, la chronologie interactive et les ressources disponibles dans les dossiers thématiques ci-dessous.

Explorer

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Relation entre l’ICANN et le gouvernement des États-Unis
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Les débuts de l’ICANN
Global expansion graphic
Expansion mondiale de l’ICANN
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À propos du projet d’histoire de l’ICANN
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Autres ressources

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Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."