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Toronto Meeting Fellowship Participants

Toronto, Canada Meeting Fellowship Participants

Toronto, Canada Fellowship Meeting Participants

  • Fedor Smirnov – Russia – Business
  • Ali AlMeshal – Bahrain – Civil
  • Narayan Gangalaramsamy – Mauritius – Gov't
  • Magaly Peres Pazello – Brazil – Civil
  • Vanessa Cravo – Brazil – Gov't
  • Marwan Radwan – West Bank and Gaza – Civil and ccNSO
  • Francisco Javier Vera Hott – Chile – Not for Profit
  • Ulkar Bayramova – Azerbaijan – Academic and At-Large
  • Victor Ndonnang – Cameroon – Civil Society and At-Large
  • Pascal Guillaume Bekono – Cameroon – Academic – Business
  • Amir Qayyum – Pakistan – Academic
  • Rosalia Morales Acosta – Costa Rica – ccNSO
  • Almaz Bakenov – Kyrgyz Republic – Gov't
  • Simon Balthazar – United Republic of Tanzania - ccNSO
  • Shivanjni Anamika – Fiji – Civil Society
  • Bikram Shrestha – Nepal – Gov't
  • Gava Lakau – Papua New Guinea – Gov't
  • Enkhbold Gombo – Mongolia – ccNSO and Business
  • Yahia Abd Elhakam Mahmoud – Egypt – Gov't
  • Walusungu Gondwe – Malawi – Academic and NCUC
  • Plamena Petrova Popova – Bulgaria – Academic
  • Andreas Sifiso Diamini – Swaziland – Gov't
  • Cheikh Abdallahi Cheikh Baye – Mauritania – Gov't

Honorary Fellow: Carlos Alberto Villaseñor – Costa Rica

Alumni Mentor: Tracy Hackshaw – Trinidad and Tobago (newly elected Vice Chair of the GAC)

Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."