This document is mechanically formatted from the XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2016-08-30 |
---|---|
LGR Version | 1 |
Language | deu-Latn |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules for German using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.
All references converge on 30 Latin code points.
DENIC eG has published an extensive IDN character list used for the German(.de) ccTLD [700], and NIC.AT has deposited a more restrained Latin script IDN list for the Austrian(.at) ccTLD [701].
Letters documented in some references but not included:
U+00E1 (á) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
U+00E3 (ã) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
U+00E5 (å) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
U+00E6 (æ) LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
U+00EB (ë) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
U+00EC (ì) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
U+00ED (í) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
U+00EE (î) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00EF (ï) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
U+00F0 (ð) LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
U+00F1 (ñ) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
U+00F2 (ò) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
U+00F3 (ó) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
U+00F8 (ø) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE
U+00FA (ú) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
U+00FD (ý) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
U+00FE (þ) LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN
U+00FF (ÿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
U+0101 (ā) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON
U+0103 (ă) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE
U+0105 (ą) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK
U+0107 (ć) LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE
U+0109 (ĉ) LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+010B (ċ) LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE
U+010D (č) LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON
U+010F (ď) LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON
U+0111 (đ) LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE
U+0113 (ē) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON
U+0115 (ĕ) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH BREVE
U+0117 (ė) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0119 (ę) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
U+011D (ĝ) LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+011F (ğ) LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE
U+0121 (ġ) LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE
U+0123 (ģ) LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA
U+0129 (ĩ) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE
U+012B (ī) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON
U+012D (ĭ) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH BREVE
U+012F (į) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK
U+0131 (ı) LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I
U+0135 (ĵ) LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+0137 (ķ) LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA
U+0138 (ĸ) LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA
U+013A (ĺ) LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE
U+013C (ļ) LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA
U+013E (ľ) LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON
U+0142 (ł) LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE
U+0144 (ń) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE
U+0146 (ņ) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA
U+0148 (ň) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON
U+014B (ŋ) LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG
U+014D (ō) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON
U+014F (ŏ) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH BREVE
U+0151 (ő) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE
U+0153 (œ) LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
U+0155 (ŕ) LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE
U+0157 (ŗ) LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA
U+0159 (ř) LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON
U+015B (ś) LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE
U+015D (ŝ) LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+015F (ş) LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA
U+0161 (š) LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
U+0163 (ţ) LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA
U+0165 (ť) LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON
U+0167 (ŧ) LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE
U+0169 (ũ) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE
U+016B (ū) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON
U+016D (ŭ) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE
U+016F (ů) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING
U+0171 (ű) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE
U+0173 (ų) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK
U+0175 (ŵ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+0177 (ŷ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+017A (ź) LATIN SMALL Z WITH ACUTE
U+017C (ż) LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE
U+017E (ž) LATIN SMALL Z WITH CARON
A few sources, among them [700], provide in their repertoire for code points from all the European languages, Danish, Polish, Turkish, Romanian, Czech and so on. These have been excluded.
A number of letters not considered essential to writing the core vocabulary of the language are nevertheless in common use. Where they have not been added to the core repertoire, they are flagged as "extended-cp" in the table of code points. A context rule is provided that by default will prohibit labels with extended code points. To support extended single code points or code point sequences, delete the context "extended-cp" from their repertoire definition.
The code points specified as extended are mostly those used for loanwords from French, which are accessible on German keyboards and commonly retained in spelling.
U+00DF (ß) LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S is used in Germany and Austria, but not in Switzerland, where the spelling "ss" is used instead. In addition, the letter is normally uppercased as "SS". This might suggest it as a candidate for a variant mapping. However, both the Latin Variant Issues Report [VIP] as well as DENIC, the operator of the .de ccTLD [SHARP-S] came to the conclusion that no variant mapping is warranted. This LGR therefore contains no variant mappings.
This LGR defines no named character classes.
Common rules only:
Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in section 4.2.3.1 of RFC5891 [120]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in section 4.2.3.2 of RFC5891 [120].
Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks.
This reference LGR for German for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.
General references for the language:
Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung, (
http://www.rechtschreibrat.com), "Regelsn und Wörterverzeichnis",
München und Mannheim, February 2006 (with corrections from 2010)
Duden. 1996. Rechtschreibung der deutschen Sprache. 21. Auflage. Mannheim: Dudenverlag. ISBN 3-411-04011-4
Wahrig, Gerhard. 1974. Deutsches Wörterbuch. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag. ISBN 3-570-06588-X
Wikipedia: "German orthography",
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_alphabet
Omniglot: German (deutsch)
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/german.htm
In addition, the following references were consulted:
In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.
Number of elements in Repertoire | 41 |
---|---|
Number of extended elements | 9 |
Total entries in table | 50 |
Longest code point sequence | 1 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | References | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire |
Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Zyyy | ✔ | ||
U+0061 | a | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0062 | b | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER B | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0063 | c | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0064 | d | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER D | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0065 | e | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0066 | f | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER F | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0067 | g | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER G | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0068 | h | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0069 | i | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+006A | j | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER J | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+006B | k | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER K | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+006C | l | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER L | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+006D | m | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER M | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+006E | n | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER N | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+006F | o | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0070 | p | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER P | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0071 | q | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Q | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0072 | r | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0073 | s | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER S | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0074 | t | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER T | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0075 | u | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0076 | v | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER V | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0077 | w | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER W | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0078 | x | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER X | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+0079 | y | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+007A | z | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z | [0], [100], [301], [401], [601], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+00DF | ß | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+00E0 | à | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE | [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00E2 | â | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00E4 | ä | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+00E7 | ç | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA | [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00E8 | è | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE | [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00E9 | é | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE | [0], [301], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00EA | ê | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00F4 | ô | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [402], [605], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00F6 | ö | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700], [701] | sc:Latn | ✔ | ||
U+00F9 | ù | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE | [0], [402], [605], [700] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00FB | û | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX | [0], [402], [605], [700] | sc:Latn | extended-cp | ◯ | |
U+00FC | ü | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [603], [604], [700] | sc:Latn | ✔ |
This LGR does not specify any variants.
The following table lists all named classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
implicit | Tag=sc:Latn | 39 Elements: | {0061-007A 00DF-00E0 00E2 00E4 00E7-00EA 00F4 00F6 00F9 00FB-00FC} | ||
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 Elements: | {002D 0030-0039} |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point. (Any use of context rules for variants is not indicated).
Name | Used as Trigger |
Used as Context |
Anchor | Regular Expression | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | ✔ | (^[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}][∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]]) |
[120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | ✔ | ((((?<=^)⚓)|(⚓(?=$))|((?<=^..\u002D)⚓))) |
[120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D | |
extended-cp | ✔ | (^$) |
code points from the extended range |
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels, based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid | |
2 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all |
[0] | The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0,
(Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/ Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1 |
[100] | Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), "IDN Reference table for German language"
https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/german-lang-ref-table.txt |
[120] | RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |
[200] | ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information
technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters. This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z |
[301] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "German" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/german.pdf Code points cited form the standard set |
[302] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "German" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/german.pdf Code points cited are from an extended set |
[304] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "German" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/german.pdf Code points cited are rare or archaic |
[401] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) -
Locale Data Summary for German [de] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/de.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters |
[402] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) -
Locale Data Summary for German [de] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/de.html Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set |
[603] | ISO/IEC 646:1991 — Information
technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange Code points cited are supported in a national edition of ISO-646. |
[601] | Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets - accessed 2015-10-31 According to this reference, the alphabet is listed as using the full basic set A-Z |
[604] | Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets. accessed 2015-10-31 The table only lists code points beyond A-Z |
[605] | Wikipedia: "German orthography" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography-Alphabet Code points cited are listed as in extended use |
[700] | DENIC eG, "IDN Character List", https://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idn-list.html |
[701] | NIC.AT, Latin script table for .at TLD, https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/at_latn_1.0.txt |